International Journal of

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House is considered not only as one of the main needs of human beings but also as one of the best determining characteristics of living standard. Housing shortages is one of the most acute problems next to the rapid growth of the large cities and their suburbs in developing countries. These cities take all the opportunities, services and the funds Which a country has to offer,, Despite this fact,, These cities are still dealing and struggling with a variety of urban problems such as : housing shortages, high unemployment rate, urban transportation problems and failure to supply other services, as well as environmental destruction. As the direct result of the allocation of all the resources to the large cities, the other regions of the country, including small cities and the rural areas have become stagnant and underdeveloped. The efforts to speed up the development of the small cities have been intensified to deal with the lack of equilibrium and harmony created by the unbalanced growth and development of the cities. To guide and monitor these developments, the Urban Regional Development and Planning was found to ensure and emphasize dynamism of the small cities. Small cities development can have an effect on the region only if these cities' development is sustainable and Takes place properly therefore, sustainable urban development is one of the requirements for the regional development approach. Housing and its appropriate development is one of the affecting and important factors in achieving urban development and realization of sustainable development in small cities. This article discusses housing's place and its role in the process of achieving sustainable urban development in small cities based on its characteristics and indicators and refers these cities' function in the regional development planning.

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Housing is the second need after food for human beings. Since the housing crisis began with the increase in population, respective governments were forced to construct houses for a large number of families. Ignoring the qualitative aspects of these houses has caused social and cultural harm. Therefore, designers need to pay more attention to the quality of housing and living environments. The main objective of this study is to find the most important factors that affect the quality of low- income housing. In order to achieve this goal, the first stage of the research was to undertake a systematic review of the literature and interview the residents. The housing environment factors were classified in four categories: environmental, functional, formal and semantic factors. In order to give priority to the factors, a questionnaire was distributed among 15 experts (according to the Delphi technique, two rounds of surveys were taken). In the first round, some factors were removed and a new category was added. In the second round, experts gave priority to the factors. Once the data was collected, the next stage was to analyze it. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 18 SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The results obtained - based on the weighting of each factor - showed that some factors, such as interior space function, volume, relationship with nature, safety and social security are the most effective factors of low-income housing quality.

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This study was done with the aim of identifing and prioritizing the supportive housing affordability indicators based on residents` perspective, this aim is practical and our research method is descriptive-analytical. Regarding the nature of the subject and the indicators studied, the current approach to this research is a survey method that first, by analyzing the content of research carried out in different countries, the affordability indicators of supportive housing are extracted and then based on this Indices, a questionnaire was designed. This questionnaire was distributed in the statistical community. The statistical population is residents of Mehr housing in Babolsar. 340 residents were selected by random cluster sampling from the whole (2300 residents). Data was analyzed through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Exploratory Factor Analysis showed a 8-factor measurement model that two factors were eliminated due to their low impact. These factors that determine affordability of supportive housing base on residents` perspective, In order of preference, are: physical comfort, Elderly and disabled people facilitations, Green spaces’ landscape, Intra-housing characteristics, Open spaces efficiency, and social interactions. The regression method was used to investigate the relationship between these factors, which indicates high dependence (0.85) of physical comfort factor (as dependent variable) and Intra-housing characteristics. In future researches, it is necessary to evaluate the measures of supportive housing affordability indicators in different regions of the country.

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Generally, more than 60 percent of land in cities and around 40 percent in small towns are utilized as housing areas. The present research aims to investigate the price of urban housing lands in Iran during the years 2001-2011 in different provinces. The method of research used in this paper is descriptive/ analytical method. After gathering the data in this regard via the Central Bank of Iran, using Moran Coefficient in GIS software and GeoDa software, the spatial autocorrelation was calculated and the correlation between variables like the price of urban housing land, percentage of urbanism, the average of the area of housing units and the level of development in different Iranian provinces was calculated. The findings of this study reveal this fact that in 2011 only in some provinces is there a significant relationship between the price of urban housing lands and the level of development of provinces. Also, the price of urban housing lands in Iran during 2001-2011 is not correlated with variables of urbanism percentage and the average area of urban housing units in different provinces. Further, we can state that the price of urban housing lands in Iran during the years 2001-2011 has moved from an accidental distribution toward a cluster distribution and during this same period, the average index of changes in the price of urban housing lands all over the country has been equal to 877.32 percent; with such provinces as Ardebil, Hamedan, Razavi Khorasan and Bushehr respectively having the highest index of change in prices and such provinces as Northern Khorasan, Khuzestan, Tehran and Yazd with the lowest index.

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The present study is an attempt to find out processual and functional aspects of privacy regulation in a dialectical investigation. For this purpose, 180 samples are selected from among mothers of families in Mashhad, Iran using random sampling. In this study, "meaning structure" method has been applied. Samples participated in Laddering Interview. Analyses are set in Content-Goal Table. Based on this table, the initial questionnaire is designed and implemented after being finalized. 8 factors are obtained by factor analysis. Considering the compression variance, in the intended houses, these factors account for 87 percent of the hidden regulation of meaning structure in the privacy achievement and function processes. In general, we can conclude that these means have proper validity and reliability, and they can be properly used for studying "privacy" in the intended social housing. It is suggested to analyze the relationships among the privacy factors in order to present the regulation model of privacy aspects

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Today’s housing, as a private realm of human life, has changed in comparison with the past which was made regardless of quality, desirability, and lack of paying attention to the human needs and its psychological consequences; That is to say, residential units have turned into a set of closed spaces and their open and semi-open spaces have been merged into the urban spaces which disrupted their fundamental functions. In such a situation, reviewing and paying special attention to these spaces together with closed spaces in Tehran is really necessary. But this question is proposed that what are the indicators affecting the quality of open and semi-open spaces in contemporary housing? And how much do they affect the quality of these spaces? This research has a mixed (quantitative-qualitative) method which is applied in terms of purpose, and in terms of data collection method it is of descriptive-analytical and survey type. The statistical population includes 380 inhabitants in residential apartments in the Zafaranieh neighborhood of Tehran. After collecting field information through the questionnaire, the indicators affecting open and semi-open spaces, including: functional, behavioral, physical, environmental, social and perceptual-semantic by using statistical analysis software were analyzed. To investigate the significance of relationship between the mean difference of the scores of the effective indicators, the one sample T-test method and intragroup one-way analysis of variance have been used; the results obtained from the research showed that in the open and semi-open spaces of residential apartments in the Zafaranieh neighborhood, the physical, environmental and behavioral indicators with the mean score of 4.17, 3.52 and 3.22, respectively, have somewhat more favorable and more appropriate situation than other indicators, and currently their efficiency ratio is at moderate limit. However, the functional, social and perceptual-semantic indicators with the mean score of 2.68, 2.57 and 2.21, respectively, are in an unfavorable and inappropriate situation, and their efficiency ratio is at weak limit.

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Housing has always been studied due to its role in the daily lives of humans. This significant issue is a main subject of architectural research. Yet, each study investigates a limited number of factors effecting houses. The main aim of this study is to comprehensively investigate different subjects about housing determined by researchers and experts in Iran and other countries. Having an explicit list of important housing variables can help study the work in this scientific area to a high context and provide researchers with new ideas as well. Heading forward, 187 articles published in 15 Iranian scientific-research journals, along with 276 international papers from 15 Q1 and Q2 journals published in 2013-2017 were investigated. To find out the importance and ranking of each variable, this study, as a systematic literature review, implements Shannon’s entropy method. This methodology is a weighting tool to indicate the amount of uncertainty and challenge of components in a continuous probability distribution. All the factors measured, described or presented are extracted from Iranian and international papers which were respectively 264 and 281 in number. Based on resemblance of the concepts, they were classified in different categories of environmental factors, architectural elements, geometry and proportions, fundamental concepts of architecture, standards and codes, psychological and social concepts. Among these categories, the tangible physical areas including environmental factors and standards and codes have been considered in international papers in a quantitative perspective which should be further explored in Iranian studies. In contrast, qualitative and intangible factors such as the fundamental concepts of architecture and psychological and social concepts, which include variables that require more time to be understood, have been more challenged in Iranian articles. With the use of SPSS and 0.771 Cohen Kappa agreement coefficient and Shannon Entropy tool, in Iranian studies, the components of privacy, culture, area, lifestyle, mental and emotional comfort, satisfaction, security, identity, territory and meaning have been more important, attracted the highest attention, and can be recommended to be addressed in international papers. Whereas, light, ventilation, sustainability, climate, sunlight, temperature, green space, energy consumption, thermal comfort and wind are the most debated factors in international journals and can be focused more in Iranian articles.
 

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Understanding the historical background of societies and the various aspects of life that has evolved over time affects the architecture of rural housing today and it's an important factor in processing the answer to today's needs. Considering the features of rural architecture and recognizing its features as the origins of the architectural tradition of any land, is one of the necessities and preservation is a fundamental principle. Therefore, this research has tried to collect various aspects of life and housing in rural settlements of Mazandaran in a historical survey based on library resources. Using the historical interpretation method, this paper examines the aspects of the relationship between different dimensions of life and the shaping and spatial structure of housing with the social, economic, and geographical factors of native societies. According to the findings of this analysis, effective variables can be identified and categorized. The results of the research show that geographical location, financial resources, location capability, geographical and social security and, finally, family structure are factors that affect the habitat patterns and vernacular houses in different areas of the villages of the region. These determine five species of mountainous, forest, plain, rural citadel, and rocky habitats. The impact of these factors on the three modes of fixed-dwelling, two-spatial and nomadism has been studied.

 

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During 1950 to 1970, some of the first residential complexes in Tehran were developed to accommodate low and middle-income people.  Although they were among the first residential complexes designed and built in the country, various quantitative and qualitative measures had been considered in their design to satisfy the target residents’ needs and to meet the projects’ goals.  What could be the reason for satisfaction, despite they were among the early experiences of residential complexes design in country?  The main reason for the success of these complexes was due to perfect design considerations; i.e. correct selection of design patterns which are less frequent in recent housing complexes. Some of these design considerations include providing public, semi-public and private open spaces, paying attention to pedestrians, sustainability and respect for the surrounding urban and climatic environment. This paper reviews some examples of early housing complexes in Tehran, including Chaharsad-Dastgah, Narmak, Nazi-Abad, Shahr-Ara, Behjat-Abad, Farah, Kan and Chaharom-e-Aban, to help recognize past achievements and reapply them in designing new housing complexes.

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Temporary accommodation is a necessary measure for various purposes that can be used by the homeless after events such as floods, earthquakes, and wars. Depending on the location of the disaster, temporary shelter users may have different groups of people with different attitudes and social, cultural, and climatic conditions. The incompatibility of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of temporary housing with the conditions leads to the dissatisfaction of the users and increases the psychological consequences of the disaster for them. Hence, the concept of flexibility in such situations is proposed to solve current problems and increase the responsiveness and desirability of temporary housing. The main question of the article is how to design flexible temporary housing with the help of digital tools. This paper seeks to provide a flexible physical model for improving the quality of temporary accommodation and responding to the different needs of different residents through digital tools. To achieve the goal and solve major problems in the design of temporary housing, digital design techniques can be very useful because the subject of the design has many limitations and expectations.
This is a practical study and a review of the literature and its theoretical foundations have been prepared through library documents and research. According to the studies and components obtained from the literature review, a parametric and modular design approach to achieve a flexible physical model through a user-friendly method is proposed. From both design and evaluation perspectives, the Space Syntax Toolkit is used to obtain diagrams and basic information for designing responsive designs in terms of social and cultural components, and the Galapagos and Grasshopper plugins in the Rhinoceros environment for optimization. The minimum and standard dimensions of the Ladybug and Bee plugin are also used in the Grasshopper environment for climatic evaluation of the proposed physical models in the four cities of Tabriz, Tehran, Yazd, and Bandar Abbas.
The results of this article indicate that the rectangular modules with an area of 6 square meters have the maximum ability to provide different patterns for the temporary housing plan according to the needs and tastes of users. Expandable modules are also an effective solution for the optimal use of the minimum dimensions in the plan, which can meet the climate needs according to the climate data of the four cities.
 

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The hedonic valuation method has been considered in various fields by researchers in order to estimate the value of a commodity or the demand for exploitation of a commodity for many years. Besides, the hedonic method has been widely used to identify ‘value’ indicators in the housing market. The need for indicators as the key tool for housing planning is related to the need to prioritize planning. Indicators are also critical to understanding housing characteristics. This article tries to develop a "conceptual model" of value by meta-analyzing the existing theoretical literature regarding the valuing indicators in the hedonic model, which has been done by the
meta-analysis method, uses MAXQDA software and open and axial coding to analyze the texts in order to compile and classify the features that explain the value of housing. The research findings, which are taken from 335 highly cited articles between 2009 and 2019, show that despite the long period of application and theoretical development of the model, there is no theoretical consensus on the explanatory indicators of housing value. So, 7 main categories can be identified in the form of 350 concepts and 5883 codes (including frequency), which can show the range of housing value dimensions, in addition to summarizing the issue. Also, the share of basic structural-physical and peripheral categories, with 53.5 and 25.5 percent, respectively, has the most application in the hedonic housing valuation model. In the two-mentioned categories, the share of variables affecting the residential unit, the building of the property, and access to services and land uses with relative shares of 23.6, 19.2, and 16.5%, is more than other variables. The results show that while the concepts of many explanatory indicators of value are the same, a suitable range of explanatory indicators of housing value can be used in the hedonic model according to the goals and the target community, and this can lead to the formation of indigenous and specific values of a society.

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In the current century, the crisis of meaning and the loss of individual identity underscore the need to focus on self-actualization as a viable solution. Self-actualization is a psychological necessity, and it is crucial to leverage all environmental capabilities to facilitate individuals' self-actualization. This study aims to introduce a causal model for the design components of residential complexes centered on residents' self-actualization. The research was conducted in three phases: 1) document analysis using the Delphi method, 2) a survey-based second phase, and 3) correlation analysis. The study begins with an examination of resources, supplemented by expert insights gathered using the Delphi method, which was chosen for its capability to achieve group consensus through expert judgment. A researcher-made questionnaire was developed for users, and design components effective for self-actualization were identified using R-factor analysis. The theoretical model of the research components was presented, and its validity was assessed using Amos software. The results indicated that the factors influencing the design of residential complexes, based on self-actualization, included Creative Environment, Eventful Environment, Diversity, Collaborative Environment, Interactive Environment, Environmental Safety, and Discoverability. Consequently, it can be acknowledged that a social environment that is safe and secure, where environmental events can occur, and where creative participation is encouraged, can significantly support individuals' self-actualization. This study contributes a novel causal model that elucidates the relationships among the design components of residential complexes, with an emphasis on promoting residents' self-actualization.