International Journal of

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Abstract Environmental Justice (EJ) concept consists of multifaceted movements, community struggles, and discourses in contemporary societies that seek to reduce environmental risks, increase environmental protections, and generally reduce environmental inequalities suffered by minority and poor communities a term that incorporates ‘environmental racism’ and ‘environmental classism,’ captures the idea that different racial and socioeconomic groups experience differential access to environmental quality. This article explores environmental justice as an urban phenomenon in urban planning and applies it in peri-urban environment of a metropolis. Tehran peri-urban environments which are the result of meeting the city- village- nature systems or "city-village junction" have gradually faced effects such as accelerated environmental decline, changes without land-use plan, and severe service deficiencies. These problems are instances of environmental injustice which make the planners to adjust the problems and use and apply the appropriate strategies and policies by looking for solutions and resorting to theories, techniques and methods related to environmental justice. In order to access to this goal, try to define environmental justice through justice and determining environmental justice indices to analysis environmental injustice in case study. Then, make an effort to introduce some criteria to select case study in two micro and micro levels. Qiyamdasht town as the peri-urban environment of Tehran metropolis is chosen and examined to show the existence of environmental injustice by questionnaire analysis and SPSS software. Finally, use AIDA technique to design a strategic plan and reduce environmental injustice in case study by introducing the better scenario to be used in policy- and decision-making areas.

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The numerical investigation of computing the rate of radiated solar-energy requires equations as a function of solar-time according to the radiation angle of the sun (β) in the latitude 37°N and the shape. This paper implements the Lagrange interpolation to obtain the equations of normal diagram of elements based on data obtained from surveying. Also the method of Hann-window equation used to estimate the sun path. Albeit, the solar radiation angle effects on the length of element`s shadow on the ground but it is a function of solar-time too. The parameters of the dome traits did compute using the solar-geometry principles in a coexisted function of time to reach a viable equation. The amount of absorbed and wasted energy is presented by analysing its surfaces in the all sides simultaneously. Every single element of BM has been considered to define its especial equation of geometry to analyse their different reactions while transferring energy. Quantitative method of this paper has based on library method of research to define especial equations and field survey to experiment data analysis. According to the mentioned methodology, around 7,54e+4(Kcal.h/m2) solar energy radiate on the BM that its value is equal to around 9,43 (lit/h) energy of gasoil. In other word at least 75,44lit/day fossil energy is saved by the Blue-mosque.

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The problems of distressed urban areas are getting worse year after year. Due to limited resources and Amenities of municipal organizations for solving every problem concerning urban distressed textures, it is essential to determine the priorities of each area based on identified factors and criteria. In distressed areas, there are different circumstances and distinctive citizens with their needs and special expectations, so in this article we face many criteria with fuzziness. This study aimed to apply the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) to prioritize the most important issues for each urban distressed area in Karaj. For this purpose a hierarchical model with 4 main factors (social, physical, environmental and economic) and 17 sub factors were suggested. Four zones of the city (central Karaj, Hesarak, Mehrshahr and Fardis) were analyzed. The findings of the paper suggest that social factors with a weights of about 30% are the most significant problems cause in these areas and physical factors with 27% weight we’re in second place. Among the areas, Fardis and Hesarak areas were most affected by social factors and Central Karaj and Mehrshar had the most priority for physical factors.

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Because of the suitability of coastal lands for different groups of activities such as recreational, residential and commercial functions, there is an increasing demand among different stakeholders to benefit from these natural lands. The conflicts between the users, sometimes, lead to exclusiveness and limitation of public access to the shoreline. This article aims to recognize the main agents and mechanisms intensifying the spatial segregation and limitation of public access to the coast. By applying the qualitative methods of Interview and documentary analysis in the middle shoreline of Caspian Sea, the categorization of exclusive public shoreline, their supportive contexts and spatial outputs, are formulated. Findings show that in contrast to the privatization of publish shoreline throughout the world, in Iran, beside the role of private sector, it is the government who benefit from the shoreline exclusively. In order to find the role of institutional contexts, analyses of the formal and regulatory documents, laws and regulations, showed the negligence in performance of coastal and agricultural land use control systems which accelerate the processes of land use change and creation of exclusive spaces in the form of gated communities. In the last step, the analysis of interviews with key actors showed the unsuitable spatial consequences especially social segregation and also decline in economics of coastal cities.

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This Paper attempts to investigate the patterns of land cover changes and also the process of urban growth in Shiraz Metropolitan Area. Since detailed information of current urban processes is required for future developments and managements of urban areas, this study utilizes remote sensing data and landscape metrics, as useful tools to gather information on urban growth and dynamics, in order to examine the spatial pattern of Shiraz metropolitan area (SMA) from 1986 to 2014. Since, the northwestern areas of SMA are superior in terms of ecological advantages, analysis of types and patterns of SMA growth were separately examined for each sector (NW, NE, SE, and SW). Five landscape metrics were used to analyze compactness and dispersion of urban patches derived from remotely sensed images. The results showed that over the past 28 years, SMA experienced sweeping changes with unexplainable growth during 1996-2006: a great horizontal expansion with 5.89 percent annual growth rate. After facing great urban sprawl, especially on the edge of the main city in the 96-06 period, periphery rural areas beyond the city borders started growing drastically during last decade. While measuring landscape metrics indicates a process of compactness in the growth patterns of NE, SE and SW areas, NW is going to be more dispersed in the coming years.

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Generally, more than 60 percent of land in cities and around 40 percent in small towns are utilized as housing areas. The present research aims to investigate the price of urban housing lands in Iran during the years 2001-2011 in different provinces. The method of research used in this paper is descriptive/ analytical method. After gathering the data in this regard via the Central Bank of Iran, using Moran Coefficient in GIS software and GeoDa software, the spatial autocorrelation was calculated and the correlation between variables like the price of urban housing land, percentage of urbanism, the average of the area of housing units and the level of development in different Iranian provinces was calculated. The findings of this study reveal this fact that in 2011 only in some provinces is there a significant relationship between the price of urban housing lands and the level of development of provinces. Also, the price of urban housing lands in Iran during 2001-2011 is not correlated with variables of urbanism percentage and the average area of urban housing units in different provinces. Further, we can state that the price of urban housing lands in Iran during the years 2001-2011 has moved from an accidental distribution toward a cluster distribution and during this same period, the average index of changes in the price of urban housing lands all over the country has been equal to 877.32 percent; with such provinces as Ardebil, Hamedan, Razavi Khorasan and Bushehr respectively having the highest index of change in prices and such provinces as Northern Khorasan, Khuzestan, Tehran and Yazd with the lowest index.

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Atrium is a popular architectural feature utilized widely by building designers and owners to bring various benefits such as adequate daylight, circulation spaces and surfaces for landscape applications. But atrium problems in tropical climates such as excessive daylight, glare and high temperature, which lead to increase building energy demand, have been reported. Atrium has been used with various shapes and purposes in many different climates and buildings especially public ones. It is mainly used to take advantage of daylight in buildings. Therefore, achieving the optimal atrium dimensions is of great importance. This research employed computer simulation using Ecotect and Radiance for daylighting. The collected database is created using simulations for different atrium proportions in IRAN-Qazvin climate zone, where using atria could improve building performance based on the clear sky condition. This research aimed to investigate various atrium models with the purpose of achieving optimal daylight. Note that a combination of factors contributes to calculation and reception of the optimal model including climate, use, and optimal daylight reception. Qazvin climatic conditions were simulated in Ecotect and Radiance. Ten 5-story administrative buildings with atrium ranging from 5%-50% area and one without atrium were modeled. The results showed that optimal samples were buildings with 10% and 15% atrium area in terms of daylight utilization. 
 

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Rest areas have been built on the freeway to avoid traffic accidents and drowsiness so that road travelers can rest. These supplemental rest areas are very small-sized resting facilities located between the larger regular rest areas, which is a unique design. However, the management of rest areas and their accommodations need to be improved by considering the effective factors involved. In this spirit, the purpose of this research is to study the effect of users’ preferences into planning parameters in rest areas. The study examines several rest areas, their roles and services. Customer satisfaction includes check-in time and purchase, type of service for travelers, intention to use the rest areas service, and satisfaction with the rest areas service.
A survey study was carried out among 360 passengers of four rest areas in different locations in Iran. The participants claimed that providing praying room (M= 4.13) is the service most expected from rest areas. They also expected better landscaping of these places in providing shaded spaces (M= 4.13) to mitigate temperatures in hot seasons. The results also show that there is a significant difference between genders in terms of recreational activities (t= 2.81, α= 0.005), landscape amenities (t= 2.01, α= 0.044), welfare services (t= 3.05, α= 0.002), where women prioritized these factors more than men did. The findings of this research can be used in better management, accommodating, and designing of future crossing rest areas according to tourists’ preferences.