International Journal of

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According to Islamic teachings, human being moves towards perfection if conditions conducive to His/her calmness are realized at home. According to this view, 'house' represents 'family' and a Muslim's home is regarded as Sacred and private. There is an inherent tendency in human being towards privacy, the most important of which is realized at home. Therefore, if privacy is trespassed at home, it may no longer serve as a home. As traditional houses have assumed a more architectural manifestation due to religious principles (Shariah), identifying these principles and converting them into housing rules and regulations are among the major concerns of urban planners. This study introduces, analyzes, and compares privacy and hospitality pattern in the nomads' tents and permanent dwellings through a combined method. In this paper, some of the behavioral patterns related to the privacy, as mentioned in Holy Quran’s verses, are introduced. The evidence also comes from religious texts showing that nomads’, Muslims’ and Zoroastrians’ tents in Kerman have been influenced by religious beliefs. The findings of this study stress the need for privacy and shows that there is a direct relationship between the concept of family in a culture and the scale of privacy and territory .

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In some climates, massive buildings made of stone, masonry, concrete, earth and … can be utilized as one of the simplest and most effective ways of reducing building heating and cooling loads. Very often such savings could be achieved in the design stage of the building and with a relatively low-cost. Such declines in building envelope heat losses combined with optimized material configuration and proper amount of thermal insulation in the building envelope could help to decrease the building's cooling and heating energy demands and building related co2 emission into environment. This paper presents a typical study of thermal mass buildings, especially, a kind of masonry building called YAKHCHAL, where most of the buildings are constructed out of mud or sun-dried bricks. They behave like a thermal mass building types. In this climate, there are great many buildings which have been adapted to their climatic conditions. Such traditional solutions may help to overcome the energy crisis which the mankind faces today and may face in the future.

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Considering the acceptance of culture as the principle predictorof understanding housing elements, including religious and behavioral patterns, is becoming increasingly important. This understanding can be clearly visualized in a city such as Kerman. Kerman is located in South-East of Iran andhas a diverse culture witha residential district in which Muslims, Zoroastrians, and Jews liveside by side in harmony. In this paper, the impact of religious and behavioral patterns on the interactive structure of houses, which belong to the followers of the above mentioned religions, will be explained.The results of this study could be used as a practical guideline and framework by the planners who are organizing approachesfor designing and renovating buildings in these districts. The paper implements a combinationalresearch method using documentation, field study, interviews, observation and logical reasoning in order to discuss the matter of privacy and hospitality and its impacts on formation of the houses. Furthermore, apart from the study of ethnography, the paper demonstratesthe fact that there are at least two impressive layers affecting the traditional architectural housing in Kerman. The first layer is derived from the dominant cultural patterns of privacy respecting the rights of neighbors and hospitality that are acceptable by all religions.Adhering to these two principles is practical even today. Moreover, the second layer affecting the architectural housing of the Jews and Zoroastrians is derived from their traditions and religious beliefs.

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Day lighting is one of the important qualitative factors in housing, which is also effective on health and well-being of occupants. Extensive glass surfaces and Transparency in building facades provides good daylight quantity for interior spaces. However, this lighting system is not appropriate for climates faced with higher sunlight radiation (Such as hot-humid areas), due to overheating and disturbing the thermal comfort. There are efficient day lighting strategies in the traditional Iranian architecture as one of the valuable remaining heritages of Human experiences, which are useful for contemporary architecture. This article intends to investigate daylight quality in the houses of Bushehr from Qajar period by modeling and simulating in daylight calculation software (Dialux) and identify day lighting strategies utilized in these houses. As Bushehr city is located in the hot-humid region of Iran, is faced with high sunlight radiation, making balance between receiving light and heat gain through windows needs careful attention. The houses of Qajar period in Bushehr are evolved samples of traditional architecture in the city and Rashidy house (built in 1893) is one of them which its form and details can reveal many lessons on coping with climate by merely using renewable energies.

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The rapidly growing world energy use has already raised concerns over energy resources and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Since the global contribution from residential buildings towards energy consumption, has steadily increased between 20% and 40% and as large openings have considerable energy and heat loss in dwellings, this paper establishes a coefficient of heat loss and air infiltration through large openings in 10 historic dwellings (Qajar and Pahlavi era) in Tabriz, Iran. The results show that although Qajar era houses have larger windows than Pahlavi era equivalents, the rate of heat loss of openings per square meter of facades (Ĥ) and the air infiltration per square meter of facades (FA) of openings for Pahlavi era houses is more than the Qajar era equivalents. Therefore Openings of Qajar era houses have been designed more efficient than those of the Pahlavi era. Although the generally accepted way of building energy saving houses in cold climate has been to use small windows, the results indicates that instead of exploiting small openings in facades, it is possible to enlarge the windows to get better lighting conditions and simultaneously decrease the area of openings per square meter of facades for lower heat loss through these openings.

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Environmental problems caused by fossil fuel consumption, on the one hand, and the upcoming prospect of ending these fuels on the other, attracted much attention towards sustainable architecture. Traditional buildings can be seen as a sample of sustainability; as they have used strategies to cope with the environment, which have been developed over the years, providing users’ comfort conditions for centuries. But before implementing these strategies in today buildings, we need to know the exact effect of their use; something that is regularly performed by an energy simulation software. Thus, first, we should know the ability of the software in modeling different design strategies, and secondly we should be certain of the validation of its results. This research aims to study the ability of DesignBuilder software (as one of the most applied software for building energy simulation) to model and simulate a complex traditional building. The accuracy of DesignBuilder thermal simulation results, in comparison with the experimental data is the main question of this study. To do this, Rasoulian house in Yazd (in hot and arid climate of Iran) was chosen as a case study and after simulating the entire building, the simulation results were compared with experimental measurement data. The results show that in most spaces, the experimental data were only 1–5°C different from the results of the simulation. Finally, the probable causes of these differences were analyzed and some suggestions were proposed to develop DesignBuilder, to be more applicable in simulating buildings of hot and arid climate.

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During the Pahlavi era, Iran's widespread developments influenced by the industrial revolution led to a lot of changes in family structure and by changing the function of family and the roles and relations of family members, paved the way for a change in the houses' spatial organization. Therefore, the main question addressed in this study is: “"What changes are brought about in the space organization of houses of Yazd as a consequence of changes in the family structure (from the Pahlavi era to the present)?
The strategy of research is qualitative and the method is grounded theory. The results of the present study revealed that every change in family structure has an equivalent effect on houses’ spatial organization. In fact, with the horizontalization of the pyramid of power and the creation of democracy in the family, the house has also become democratic and age and gender hierarchies have been eliminated from the organization of spaces. Besides, with the increase of individuality in the family, the organization of housing spaces has also changed in order to create distinct personal realms and eliminate the continuity and fluidity of the space. Moreover, by eliminating many of the functions and duties of the family, the functions and duties of the house have also changed such that it has become just a place for resting.

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Human always tries to achieve a sense of vitality, and wants a liveliness environment; therefore, recognizing factors in the architecture that increases the quality of life is important. Based on the importance of this issue, this article aims to identify the life indicators and evaluating them in architecture. In this way, by relying on a method of grounded theory, the researcher conducted semi-structured and depth interviews with eighteen present perceivers in eight sorts of traditional houses in Yazd. These interviews were completed by the means of sketches, photographs, and personal observations. Participants were selected from among the people who could answer more accurate questions. To increase validity, the findings were evaluated with other related studies. Findings show that nine main factors in traditional houses increase life quality. These factors include: the sociability space, the convergence of space for achieving internal focus, the possibility of continuous interaction with nature (sky, water, tree, open space and natural light), the emphasis on diversity, the perception of time, the quality of being dynamic and active, the expansiveness of space along with the increase Transparency of space, the belonging sense to get acquainted with the Mental memories and hidden order Without extra unity.

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                   Abstract
                      Energy saving is one of significant issues in achieving sustainable development. This study compares the energy consumption of rural houses using local materials and new ones in Gilan province, in order to investigate the effects of using local materials and techniques on reducing the amount of energy consumption. The present research method is quantitative, in which the means of study, observation and computer simulation is used. In this regard, the features of vernacular and new rural houses of sub-mountainous areas of Gilan are investigated. Case study focuses on two houses located in foothills of Gilan. Design builder software is used to compare the amount of energy consumption of vernacular housing methods and the newer ones. The results of this study clarify that the amount of energy required for heating is much higher than the energy needed for cooling in this region, so the main focus should be on reducing the amount of required energy for heating. Based on the results of simulation, walls and roof are more sensitive to heat exchange. Galipoosh roof have reasonable function in terms of energy consumption, while Darvarchin wall wastes more energy than new materials.

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Derived from a research work of the same title, this article aims at recognizing the spiritual characteristics of the concept of dynamism and motion in the Iranian traditional architecture as well as its manifestation in the connector spaces of traditional houses. These valuable buildings represent the diversity of movement and stagnation for reaching eternal concepts through reproduction and variation of their elements. An Iranian architect expresses these two concepts of Islamic transcendental goals by contrasting combinations both in form and space. The key questions arising here are: what are the characteristics of movement and stagnation in Iranian traditional houses? What are the concepts of movement and stagnation in the architecture of the connector spaces in traditional houses? To answer these questions, a case study was conducted by combination methods. The required information was collected by desk and field studies. Ten traditional houses in Qazvin were selected as samples. According to the results, the movement both in the form of physical and sensational movements can be identified in traditional Iranian architecture. Physical movement or criteria such as moving in space and eye movement and sensational movement can be analyzed by influencing the feelings of viewers as well as the rest provided by a pause atmosphere.

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The consideration of environmental sustainability has permeated both conscious and subconscious realms throughout history. In the context of Boushehr city's historical architecture from the Qajar period, a myriad of sustainable residential structures attuned to the regional climate, ensuring occupants' thermal comfort, are evident. This sustainability, devoid of adherence to a specific theoretical framework, adeptly caters to the pragmatic needs of the building users. The primary objective of this study is to conceptualize the historical architectural composition of Boushehr, focusing on materials, and to conduct a thermal assessment of two structures, one historic and the other contemporary, within the city. To achieve this goal, a comparative analysis of traditional and modern building materials in Boushehr was executed through the utilization of Ecotect and Energy Plus simulation software, complemented by extensive survey and on-site investigations. The findings of this analysis reveal that traditional building materials, beyond their inherent harmony with the regional climate, exhibit superior physical properties compared to their modern counterparts. While advancements in technology have enhanced the chemical and mechanical attributes of contemporary building materials over time, amalgamating the advantageous physical attributes of traditional materials renders the latter more environmentally sustainable. Despite the fact that rooms constructed with older materials exhibit a higher average monthly temperature than those utilizing modern materials, the diminished heating and cooling loads of the former contribute to positioning older residential structures as closer approximations to a more sustainable archetype.

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The incorporation of various openings that permit daylight into interior spaces significantly influences thermal comfort. In the central region of Iran, Orosi windows are a prevalent architectural feature in courtyard buildings. These latticed door-windows are embellished with colorful glass pieces arranged in geometric patterns. This study aims to evaluate the impact of glass color in Orosi windows on their thermal and daylight performance. The primary objective is to determine the thermal comfort and daylight performance of a typical Qajarian Orosi with different glass colors (colorful, red, blue, yellow, green, colorless) and to identify the optimal glass color for Orosi windows. The findings reveal that the glass color of Orosi windows not only affects thermal comfort but also has a significant impact on daylight performance. Yellow glass offers the most favorable thermal conditions, irrespective of the season. In terms of daylight performance, all glass colors perform adequately; however, the Orosi with yellow glass achieves the highest values for spatial Daylight Autonomy (sDA) and Annual Sunlight Exposure (ASE). The next preferred options, in descending order, are colorless, green, and blue glass. Considering both daylight and thermal performance, it is recommended to use Orosi windows with yellow glass due to the 22% improvement in annual thermal comfort and satisfactory daylight performance.