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This Paper is the result of a research project on a pavement management system that was performed by the Transportation Division of Iran University of Science and Technology. Information used in the project was gathered from 20 zones of the Tehran Municipality. Any maintenance and repair system for roads has a number of general and coordinated activities in conjunction with programming, designing, construction, Maintenance, Evaluation, and research on road pavement. Prediction of pavement condition is one of the most important parts of, such system. Prediction models have their application at the network level as well as project level activities. At the network level it is used in predicting the condition for budget programming. While in project level it is used in economical analysis. Many factors have been used in determination of pavement condition. These factors are the design life of the pavement, loading, climatic condition, and the type of road. To be able to plan for future improvements we need to predict the future condition of the pavement. In this paper, factors affecting the prediction of pavement condition are discussed. A model is developed exclusively for Tehran based on the distress data collected.

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Ambient vibration test is an effective and economical method for identification of dynamic properties of structures such as dams. Mathematical models generally are developed for the design purpose. Structural and material parameter are assumed from similar projects or limited material tests. Therefore it is usually desirable to verify the results obtained from mathematical model by performing vibration test on the actual as-built structure and process its, data correctly. There are addressed in this paper. A modification of mathematical model could then be performed.

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An experimental study was carried out to evaluate the influence of silt content on cone penetration measurements and its implication for soil classification. The investigation includes twenty-seven peizocone tests in saturated salty sand samples, which had been prepared in a big rigid thick walled steel cylinder-testing chamber. The samples were prepared with several different silt contents ranging from 0 to 50 percent and were consolidated at three-overburden effective stresses including 100, 200 and 300 kPa. This study showed that, the amount of silt content in sand is an important parameter affecting CPT results. As the silt content increases, the cone tip resistance decreases. The recorded excess pore water pressure during sounding was increased with increasing silt content. It is also concluded that friction ratio, in general, increases with increasing silt content. The method presented by Robertson and Wride [25] and Olsen [17] to evaluate soil classification are also verified.

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The reliable operation of spillways, in emergency as well as normal conditions, is one of the vital components in dam safety. Free or uncontrolled overflow spillways are the most reliable choice however. They usually impose higher construction cost and /or results in wasting a considerable amount of water or live capacity of the reservoirs. Employing fuse gates might be a way of reconciling dam safety with maximized storage capacity. The operation of the system can be controlled to within a few centimeters, and the entire installation is not lost for floods less than the maximum design flood. The installation offers more or less the same level of safety as ungated spillways, but avoids their inherent storage capacity loss. Optimum design of fuse gates in particular installation calls for a mathematical model. The model developed in this work includes structural, hydraulics and operational constraints while maximizing the expected cost over the useful life of the project. Accounting for the lost benefit (i.e., water lost as a result of gate tilting) has an influenced effect on the optimum design. To test the performance of the model, data from Zarineh Rud dam in Iran has been used and its result is compared with a direct search technique. The model is capable of helping the design engineer to select the best alternative considering different types of constraints.

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A two-dimensional mathematical model for the prediction of time-variations of river-bend displacements was developed which is particularly applicable to meandering rivers. The computational procedure consists of two stages, that is , in the first stage by utilizing depth-averaged continuity and momentum equations, velocity field as well as water surface profile in a river is determined. The well-known Finite-Element technique was applied to the governing equations. In the second stage the rate of river bank erosion is computed in terms of determined depths and velocities. The model utilizes Odgaards (1989) bank-erosion model in this stage. The procedure is then performed repeatedly over the entire time span in a staggered manner. The developed model was applied to simulate the migration of Qezel Ozan river. The fairly good match obtained indicates the applicability of the model.

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In the present paper, ANN is used to predict the tidal level fluctuations, which is an important parameter in maritime areas. A time lagged recurrent network (TLRN) was used to train the ANN model. In this kind of networks, the problem is representation of the information in time instead of the information among the input patterns, as in the regular ANN models. Two sets of data were used to test the proposed model. San Francisco Bay tidal levels were used to test the performance of the model as a predictive tool. The second set of data was collected in Gouatr Bay in southeast of Iran. This data set was used to show the ability of the ANN model in predicting and completing of data in a station, which has a short period of records. Different model structures were used and compared with each other. In addition, an ARMA model was used to simulate time series data to compare the results with the ANN forecasts. Results proved that ANN can be used effectively in this field and satisfactory accuracy was found for the two examples. Based on this study, an operational real time environment could be achieved when using a trained forecasting neural network.

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In this paper the analysis of the pipe networks is formulated as a nonlinear unconstrained optimization problem and solved by a general purpose optimization tool. The formulation is based on the minimization of the total potential energy of the network with respect to the nodal heads. An analogy with the analysis of the skeletal structures is used to derive tire formulation. The proposed formulation owes its significance for use in pipe network optimization algorithms. The ability and versatility of the method to simulate different pipe networks are numerically tested and the accuracy of the results is compared with direct network algorithms.

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Since Road transportation accounts for a large portion of total displaced passengers of Different types it is the most important mode of passenger services in Iran. The costs considered are depreciation, investment, insurance, tax, fuel, tires, main repairs, unexpected repairs, oil filter break shoe. Lubrication, batteries, commission, wages and other miscellaneous costs. These are classified into two categories of fixed and variable costs that it-ere analyzed. The data used is obtained, from the Iranian passenger transportation co- operatives based on their real costs in Fear 2002 . The methodology of determination rate of return and Passenger Transportation Price are described and these parameters are calculated. In this paper, a price model based on the economic techniques and sensitlvtfx. Analysis is presented for operators and managers. Pricing model of passenger service is prepared by the authors by the name of Development of Pricing Model of passenger Services in Intercity Roads . This research is pointing to Model Sensivity Analysis Dependent on Various Indicators.

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The solution of shallow-water equation for a two-dimensional .simulation of overland /low for an actual watershed, is presented. The Petorv-Galerkin weighted residual method is used to overcome spurious oscillations inflow depth. For modeling overland flow over complex topography and variable surface, ct pre and postprocessor was developed to utilize the Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) model and to generate finite element mesh. Close agreement of the model with measured data is obtained. This model can be used to better analyze the influence of varying surface roughness and topography on overland flow characteristics, including distribution of flow depth and velocity (is well as resulting hydrographs. Detailed spatial and temporal output parameters provide a basis fur further study of the patterns of soil erosion and evaluation of runoff natural slopes.

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In this paper an attempt is made to develop a model to increase profit-making in air transportation system taking into consideration of the most important problems encountering the system. Utilizing the outcomes of this model, general policies for investing capital to carne out profit-making projects can be recognized.In the presented model the least squares and non-linear optimization methods have been utilized to recognize unknown quantities. In addition, to simplify the developed model and obtain numerical results, the available potential for increasing profit-making in the system has fallen into three major categories. Moreover, profit-making sources have been classified in five distinguished sections.Since recognizing the utilized coefficients in the model claims extensive studies, in most of the cases, the air transport experts and authorities comments have been taken into consideration and an attempt has been made to adapt these coefficients to real values.

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An experimental program was carried out to investigate the behavior of steel, fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) under abrasion and cycles of freeze and them. Compression and flexural tests were also performed in order to reach a comprehensive conclusion of the response. In total, over 200 specimens were tested The test variables included two concrete strength., (i. e., 28 MPa as Normal Strength (NSFRC) and 42 MPa as Medium Strength (MSFRC)), four volumetric percentage of fibers (i.e., 0%, 0,5%, 1.0% and 1.5%) and two fiber lengths (i.e.. 25mm and 35rnrn).Cube specimens were tested according to ASTM C6661n-ocedrrre B using 100 cycles of freeze and thaw. The Los Angeles test method for testing aggregate was used to evaluate the abrasion resistance of SFRC.Test results of1VSFRCptesertted improvements up to 39% and 32 % in cylindrical and cubic compressive strength, respectively. and 88�o in modulus of rupture, 57% in resistance against abrasion based oil weight loss and 40% against compressive strength reduction due to freeze and thaw cycles. The corresponding improvements for MSFRC were 18%, 16%, 48%, 53% and 46% respectively.Increase in cocncrete strength from 28 Ala to 42 MPa provided higher freeze and thaw and abrasion resistance than addition of 1.5% of steel fibers to the normal strength concrete matrix.

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The solution of shallow-water equation for a two-dimensional .simulation of overland /low for an actual watershed, is presented. The Petorv-Galerkin weighted residual method is used to overcome spurious oscillations inflow depth. For modeling overland flow over complex topography and variable surface, ct pre and postprocessor was developed to utilize the Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) model and to generate finite element mesh. Close agreement of the model with measured data is obtained. This model can be used to better analyze the influence of varying surface roughness and topography on overland flow characteristics, including distribution of flow depth and velocity (is well as resulting hydrographs. Detailed spatial and temporal output parameters provide a basis fur further study of the patterns of soil erosion and evaluation of runoff natural slopes.

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A least squares finite element method for the .solution of steady incompressible Navier Stokes equations is presented. The Navier-.Stocks equation is first recast into a system of first order partial differential equations with the velocitv. pressure and the vorticity as the main variables. Finite element discretization of the domain introduces a residual in the governing equation which is subsequently minimized in a least squares sense. The method so developed clearly. falls into the minimization category card hence circumventing the L.B.B. condition. Furthermore. the method produces symmetric positive definite matrices which makes the way for using more efficient iterative sobers. A Conjugate Gradient algorithm is, therefore, used for the solution of the resulting .system of linear algebraic equations. To improve the efficiency , of this iterative solver an incomplete Cholesky factorization of the stiffness matrix is used as ct pre-conditioner. Since the storage requirement of the Cholesky factor depends on the bandwidth of matrix. an effective algorithm for the reduction of this bandwidth has also been employed. The application of the method to solve cavity problem and .step flow with different Remolds number is presented to show the applicability of the method to solve practical flows of incompressible fluid The use of both linear and quadratic elements with selective reduced integration is also investigated and the results are presented.

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This research include, more than 400 erosion tests performed on coarse and fine grain suspension materials. The purpose of tests was to determine erosion characteristics of mixtures of different materials. Samples of the .same constituents in different groups were cured tit two different setting time of // and 16 !tours before they were subjected to the constant hydraulic heads of 20 and 40 cm for ct time period of 30 urinates. The amount of erosion was measured as the weight loss of the samples offer the test. /n general the lower setting tune and the higher hydraulic head for a large group of samples showed higher erosion. For uniform sand samples when the cement content was 60-70 % the percentage of erosion (PE) was below 2. For the mixture of sand-cement, with the clay content below, 20% the percentage of erosion was below 2 and it increased to 15.5 for the clan, content of 58dc. Die addition of bentonite in the soil-cement mixtures in general did not affect the erosion.

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This study was designed to investigate the local volume changes induced by swelling pressure in unsaturated stand-bentonite bused buffer material. A laboratory mixture of sodium bentonite (lilt/ well graded silica stool in equal proportion by do weight was used for moisture floss experiments in both ambient and elevated temperatures. Experimental results have shown that tit high water content locations within the tested specimens, the density was reduced by .3.57% from its initial values clue to swelling. The swelling pressure was calculated by 4 different models as a function of distance. The calculated results have indicated that the density distribution within the .specimen is affected by swelling potential distribution. The calculated swelling pressure values van as u function of water content, reaching I MPa at the source of water intake, i.e., at high water content :.one, and 2 MPa cot the heater .side, i.e., cot low water content .one.

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This paper presents the long-term deformations of reinforced high-strength concrete columns subjected to constant sustained axial forces. The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of binder systems containing different levels of silica fume on time-dependent behaviour of high-strength concrete columns. The experimental part of the work focused on concrete mixes having a fixed water/binder ratio of 0.35 and a constant total binder content of 500 kg/m3. The percentages of silica fume that replaced cement in this research were: 0%, 6%, 8%, 10% and 15%. The mechanical properties evaluated in the laboratory were: compressive strength secant modulus of elasticity strain due to creep and shrinkage. The theoretical part of the work is about stress redistribution between concrete and steel reinforcement as a result of time-dependent behaviour of concrete. The technique used for including creep in the analysis of reinforced concrete columns was age-adjusted effective modulus method. The results of this research indicate that as the proportion of silica fume increased, the short-term mechanical properties of concrete such as 28-day compressive strength and secant modulus improved. Also the percentages of silica fume replacement did not have a significant influence on total shrinkage however, the autogenous shrinkage of concrete increased as the amount of silica fume increased. Moreover, the basic creep of concrete decreased at higher silica fume replacement levels. Drying creep (total creep - basic creep) was negligible in this investigation. The results of the theoretical part of this researchindicate that as the proportion of silica fume increased, the gradual transfer of load from the concrete to the reinforcement decreased and also the effect of steel bars in lowering the concrete deformation reduced. Moreover, the total strain of concrete columns decreased at higher silicafume replacement levels.

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Structural walls are used extensively in moderate- and high-rise buildings to resist lateral loads induced by earthquakes. The seismic performance of many buildings is, therefore, closely linked to the behavior of the reinforced concrete walls. The analytical models used in this paper are developed to study the push-over response of T-shaped reinforced concrete walls andinvestigate the influence of the flange walls on laterally loaded walls and nonlinear behavior of shear walls, namely strength, ductility and failure mechanisms. A layered nonlinear finite element method is used to study the behavior of T-shaped and rectangular (barbell) shear walls. This paper introduces a computer program to practically study three-dimensional characteristics of reinforced concrete wall response by utilizing layered modeling. The program is first verified bysimulated and reported experimental response of 3-D reinforced concrete shear walls. Subsequently, a study considering eighteen analytical test specimens of T-shaped and barbell shear walls is carried out. Finally, based on analytical results, a new equation for minimum ratio of shear wall area to floor-plan area is proposed.

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In this paper, optimal bridge management system models have been presented. These optimization models are capable of allocating limited resources to the bridge preservation schemes in order to establish the optimal time of completing the activities. Bridge-based activities are divided into two main groups: repair projects, and maintenance activities and both models are presented in this paper. Particular attention has been made to optimize the management of the two system activities. The dynamic programming approach was utilized to formulate and analyze the two models. The developed models are found to be more accurate and faster than the previous ones.

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In this research a mathematical model was developed to study bed elevation variation of alluvial rivers. It utilizes two principal modules of hydraulics and sediment transport for simulation purposes. SDAR (Scour and Deposition model of Alluvial Rivers) is a new model with both one and semi-two dimensional (S-2D) computational schemes. It is regarded S-2D in a sence that lateral variation of velocity, hydraulic stresses, and geometrical specifications are achieved by dividing the main channel into serveral stream tubes. In order to overcome the existing limitations, a new idea of reachwise stream tube concept was also introduced. This allows to include branch connections and withdrawal points across the tube barriers. Sediment routing and bed variation calculations are accomplished along each river strip desigated by virtual interfaces of the tubes. Presently, quasi-steady gradually varied flows are processed by the model. It should also be emphasised that this version is only valid for alluvial rivers composed of noncohesive bed material. To assess the model, several river cases and laboratory data base were used. During calibration runs, the ability of model in longitudinal and transversal bed profile simulation and armor layer development predection were especially detected. Results of simulation are also compared with the results of well-known models, e.g. HEC-6, GSTARS-2, and FLUVIAL-I2. It was found that the ability of model in simulating bed variation is noticeably increased when S-2D concept is introduced. Indeed, the comparative validity tests confirm SDAR"s promising functioning in facing with complex real engineering cases. Obviously more article discussions would bring oppurtunities to demonestrate it"s technical cappabilities profoundaly.

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A study of bearing capacity and compressibility characteristics of cohesive soil, reinforced by geogrid and supporting square footing loads has been conducted. The lack of adequate frictional resistance between clay and reinforcing elements was compensated by using a thin sand layer (lens) encapsulating the geogrid sheet. In this way, tensile forces induced in the geogrid were transferred to the bulk clay medium through the sand particles and soil reinforcement was improved Experiments were conduced on two sets of specimens, one set of 1 x 1 x 1 m dimension and the footing size of 19 x 19 cm (series A), and the other set of 0.15 x 0.15 x 0.15 m dimension and the footing size of 3.7 x 3.7 cm (series B). The loading systems for the above specimens were stress controlled and strain controlled respectively. All specimens were saturated and presumably loaded under an undrained condition. The results qualitatively confirmed the effectiveness of the sand lens in improving the bearing capacity and settlement characteristics of the model footing. In series A, the maximum increase in the bearing capacity due to the presence of the sand lens was 17% whereas in series B, the amount of increase was 24%. The percentage reductions in the settlement for these results were 30% and 46% respectively.