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Soil reinforced with fiber shows characteristics of a composite material, in which fiber inclusion has a significant effect on soil permeability. Concerning to the higher void ratio of carpet fibers, at first stages it may be expected that an increase in fiber content of the reinforced soil would result in an increase in permeability of the mixture. However, the present article demonstrates that fiber inclusion will decrease the permeability of sand-fiber composite.A series of constant head permeability tests have been carried out to show the effects and consequently, a new system of phase relationships was introduced to calculate the dry mass for the sand portion of the composite. Monte Carlo simulation technique adopted with finite element theory was employed to back calculate the hydraulic conductivity of individual porous fibers from the laboratory test results. It was observed that the permeability coefficient of the porous fibers are orders of magnitude less than the skeletal sand portion due to the fine sand particle entrapment and also the fiber volume change characteristics.

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In this technical note, a methodology is introduced for reliability calculation of consolidation settlement based on cone penetration test (CPT) data. The present study considers inherent soil variability which influences consolidation settlements results. To proceed reliability analysis, the measured data of a sample corrected cone tip resistance (􀝍􀯧) is detrended using a quadratic trend and the residuals are assumed to be lognormally distributed random field. Realizations of 􀝍􀯧 is generated by using spatial variability of residuals including standard deviation and the scale of fluctuation. The quadratic trend and the generated residuals are then combined to correlate shear and bulk modulus as input consolidation properties for coupled analysis and subsequently consolidation settlement was calculated by using finite difference method adopted in Monte Carlo simulations. The results of reliability analysis are presented describing the range of possible settlements by considering characteristics of uncertainties involved at the particular site. Number of realizations rendering settlements smaller than the allowable settlement must be such that guarantee proper performance or acceptable reliability index.

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The occurrence of wave and wind forces on tension leg platform (TLP) was assumed to be statistically independent but the intensity of wave force is a function of wind velocity because wave is a wind driven force. The focus of this paper is to study the effects of wind velocity on wave force. The contribution of steady and fluctuating wind to the response of the TLP over random wave only was also studied. Pierson Moskowitz wave and Emil Simiu wind spectra are simulated using Monte Carlo simulation. The variable submergence, drag force in Morison equation, tension fluctuation together with coupling between wind and wave contributed to the non-linearity considered in the single degree of freedom equation. The dynamic equation was solved using Newmark-Beta scheme. The statistical and power spectral density functions of the response quantities are reported. It is concluded that wind forces reduce the root mean square (RMS) tension force in the cable and thereby increased the motion responses in intact and a removed tendon TLP. The wind driven force (wave) has higher responses in severe sea states and the contribution of wind effect was suppressed due to hydrodynamic damping. The effect of the wind fluctuation is more pronounced in less severe sea state.Stochastic response of intact and a removed tendon tension leg platform to wave and wind loads