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Structural fire safety capacity of concrete is very complicated because concrete materials have considerable variations. In this paper, constitutive models and relationships for concrete subjected to fire are developed, which are intended to provide efficient modeling and to specific fire-performance criteria of the behavior of concrete structures exposed to fire. They are developed for unconfined concrete specimens that include residual compressive and tensile strengths, compressive elastic modulus, compressive and tensile stress-strain relationships at elevated temperatures. In this paper, the proposed relationships at elevated temperatures are compared with experimental result tests and pervious existing models. It affords to find several advantages and drawbacks of present stress-strain relationships and using these results to establish more accurate and general compressive and tensile stress-strain relationships. Additional experimental test results are needed in tension and the other main parameters at elevated temperatures to establish well-founded models and to improve the proposed relationships. The developed models and relationships are general, rational, and have good agreement with experimental data.

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The management philosophy, namely, Customer relationship management (CRM) has been widely accepted and successfully applied across a range of sectors. However, there has been very little research efforts in the field of CRM in the construction industry. This paper provides a review of the CRM philosophy and technology, and considers the implications benefits and challenges to construction organizations at a strategic business and operational level. Given the generally unstable economic and highly competitive marketplace, implementation of CRM throughout the lifecycle of assets may provide for more effective management of existing and prospective clients. The CRM approach would seem to be compatible with general trends in the construction industry towards more collaborative working and the paper provides that both the philosophy and technologies can be integrated with current initiatives such as building information modeling (BIM). Construction clients in the public and private sector are diverse in nature, complex in their buying processes and at varying levels of knowledge of the Industry. In addition to seeking value for money from their projects and assets, they have become more concerned about sustainability and environmental impact. It has been recognized that management of a broader range of business and project level stakeholders is necessary.

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This paper proposes a modified strain wedge (MSW) model for nonlinear analysis of laterally loaded single piles in clays. The MSW model is used to calculate the soil resistance under increasing pile deflection. The stress–strain behavior of clays in the MSW, which is needed to calculate the soil resistance, is described in terms of both hyperbolic and bilinear stress–strain relationships. The subgrade reaction modulus of soil below the MSW is assumed to equal the conventional subgrade reaction modulus and to remain constant under the lateral loading of the pile. The applicability of the proposed model was verified by eight case histories. The results indicate that (1) the predicted results are consistent with the measurements for all eight full-scale tested piles; (2) the bilinear stress–strain relationship is not recommended for clays because the clays usually have a large ε50 and, thus, they exhibit a linear behavior in the MSW during loading; (3) the predicted pile response is less sensitive to the effective friction angle than to the undrained shear strength; and (4) the proposed MSW model applies to normally consolidated clays and to overconsolidated clays until they reach their peak strength.