Showing 35 results for Mechanical Properties
R. Hasanzadeh, T. Azdast, R. Eungkee Lee, A. Afsari Ghazi,
Volume 14, Issue 3 (9-2017)
Abstract
Material selection is a main purpose in design process and plays an important role in desired performance of the products for diverse engineering applications. In order to solve material selection problem, multi criteria decision making (MCDM) methods can be used as an applicable tool. Bumper beam is one of the most important components of bumper system in absorbing energy. Therefore, selecting the best material that has the highest degree of satisfaction is necessary. In the present study, six polymeric nanocomposite materials were injection molded and considered as material alternatives. Criteria weighting was carried out through analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and Entropy methods. Selecting the most appropriate material was applied using technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) and the multi-objective optimization on the basis of ratio analysis (MOORA) methods respect to the considered criteria. Criteria weighting results illustrated that impact and tensile strengths are the most important criteria using AHP and Entropy methods, respectively. Results of ranking alternatives indicated that polycarbonate containing 0.5 wt% nano Al2O3 is the most appropriate material for automotive bumper beam due to its high impact and tensile strengths in addition to its low cost of raw material. Also, the sensitivity analysis was performed to verify the selection criteria and the results as well.
H. Torkamani, H. Rashvand, Sh. Raygan, J. Rassizadehghani, Y. Palizdar, C. Garcia Mateo, D. San Martin,
Volume 14, Issue 3 (9-2017)
Abstract
In industry, the cost of production is an important factor and it is preferred to use conventional and low cost procedures for producing the parts. Heat treatment cycles and alloying additions are the key factors affecting the microstructure and mechanical properties of the cast steels. In this study an attempt was made to evaluate the influence of minor Mo addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of conventionally heat treated cast micro-alloyed steels. The results of Jominy and dilatometry tests and also microstructural examinations revealed that Mo could effectively increase the hardenability of the investigated steel and change the microstructure features of the air-cooled samples. Acicular microstructure was the consequence of increasing the hardenability in Mo-added steel. Besides, it was found that Mo could greatly affect the isothermal bainitic transformation and higher fraction of martensite after cooling (from isothermal temperature) was due to the Mo addition. The results of impact test indicated that the microstructure obtained in air-cooled Mo-added steel led to better impact toughness (28J) in comparison with the base steel (23J). Moreover, Mo-added steel possessed higher hardness (291HV), yield (524MPa) and tensile (1108MPa) strengths compared to the base one.
S. Kord, M. H. Siadati, M. Alipour, H. Amiri, P.g. Koppad, A. C. Gowda,
Volume 15, Issue 4 (12-2018)
Abstract
The effects of rare earth element, erbium (Er) additions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-15Zn-2.5Mg-2.5Cu alloy have been investigated. This new high strength alloy with erbium additions (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 wt%) was synthesized by liquid metallurgy route followed by hot extrusion. Microstructural characterization was performed using scanning electron microscope and electron probe microanalysis. Significant amount of grain refinement was observed with erbium addition in the hot extruded and heat treated alloy. Tensile test was performed to investigate the effect rare earth on mechanical behavior of alloy in as cast and hot extruded condition before and after T6 heat treatment. The combined effect of erbium addition, hot extrusion and heat treatment significantly enhanced the tensile strength of alloy (602 MPa) when compared to the as cast alloy without erbium addition (225 MPa). The strengthening of the alloy was attributed to grain refinement caused by erbium along with hot extrusion and formation of precipitates after T6 heat treatment. Fractograhic investigations revealed that the hot extruded alloy with erbium addition after heat treatment showed uniformly distributed deep dimples exhibiting ductile behavior.
M. Tavakoli Harandi, M. Askari-Paykani, H. Shahverdi, M. Nili Ahmadabadi,
Volume 16, Issue 1 (3-2019)
Abstract
One-step and two-step annealing techniques were used to examine the relationship between microstructure and mechanical properties during compression tests in iron-based ribbons and nanostructured 1- and 2.5mm cylindrical rods. The X-ray diffraction, microstructural, and mechanical results showed that substituting Nb for Fe had a minor effect on glass-forming ability but increased the formability index. The novel two-step annealing process resulted in a remarkable formability index of 16.62 GPa, yield stress of 2830 MPa, ultimate strength of 3866 MPa, and 4.3% plastic strain. A ductile nanosized α-Fe framework and boron-containing nano precipitations, which caused Zener pinning effect, were responsible for these novel mechanical properties.
R. Buitrago-Sierra, J. F. Santa, J. Ordoñez,
Volume 16, Issue 3 (9-2019)
Abstract
Polypropylene (PP) has been one of the most widely used polymers due to the versatility and cost benefits obtained with this material. In this work, composites of PP modified with nanostructured ZSM-5 zeolite were prepared and their thermal and mechanical properties were evaluated. Zeolites were synthetized by hydrothermal method and the crystallization time was modified to evaluate the effect of that parameter on zeolites properties. Scanning electron microscopy, thermal analyses, x-ray analysis, among others, were used to analyse the nanostructured particles. Composites were prepared by melt mixing in a torque rheometer and compression moulding. After obtaining the composites, mechanical and thermal properties were evaluated. The results showed that some properties (surface area, and crystallinity) of zeolites depend on the crystallization time. Young’s modulus and elongation at rupture of composites were modified when the zeolites were added to the polymer matrix. No significant modifications were found on thermal properties.
M. Demouche, E. H. Ouakdi, R. Louahdi,
Volume 16, Issue 3 (9-2019)
Abstract
In this study, high-carbon, chromium alloy steel (100Cr6) having the initial spheroidized microstructure was welded using the rotary friction welding method. The effects of process parameters such as friction time and friction force were experimentally investigated. The friction welded joints were produced of two 100Cr6 steel rods. In order to examine the microstructure and mechanical properties of the friction welded 100cr6 steel joints, tensile and hardness tests were conducted. The microstructure of weld zone was examined by optical microscopy. It was found that after cooling, martensitic structure is obtained at the core and periphery of the weld joint. It was found that the tensile strength of friction welded samples is increased with increasing time and force of friction up to a certain level and then decreases again. Hardness measurements show a higher hardness at the centre of the weld joint in comparison with its periphery.
H. Aydın,
Volume 16, Issue 4 (12-2019)
Abstract
Mullite–zirconia composites were prepared using lanthanum oxide (La2O3) additive which three different mole ratio by the reaction sintering (RS) route of alumina, kaolinite and zircon. Starting materials were planetary milled, shaped into pellets and bars and sintered in the temperature range of 1450–1550 0C with 5 h soaking at peak temperature. In this work, the mullite-zirconia composites were characterized by thermal expansion coefficient, physical, microstructures and mechanical properties. The XRD method were employed for determining the crystalline phase composition of these composites. Microstructure of the composites was examined by SEM. ZrO2 takes part in both the intergranular as well as intragranular positions. However, intragranular zirconias are much smaller compared to intergranular zirconias.
F. Hosseinabadi, A. Rezaee-Bazzaz, M. Mazinani, B. Mohammad Sadeghi,
Volume 17, Issue 1 (3-2020)
Abstract
An experimental–numerical methodology was used in order to study the microstructural effects on stress state dependency of martensitic transformation kinetics in two different TRIP800 low alloy multiphase steels. Representative volume elements extracted from actual microstructure have been utilized for simulating the mechanical behavior of mentioned steels. The mechanical behavior for each constituent phases required in the model has been taken out from those reported in the literature. A stress invariant based transformation kinetics law has been used to predict the martensitic phase transformation during deformation. Crystallographic and thermodynamic theories of martensitic phase transformation have been utilized for estimating the constant parameters of the kinetics law, in a recently performed investigation, but the sensitivity of the transformation to the stress state remained as an adjusting parameter. The results of the current work show that the stress state sensitivity of martensitic phase transformation in the investigated steels is microstructure-dependent and the value of this parameter is almost equal to half of the bainite volume fraction. Therefore, the volume fraction of bainite in the low-alloy multiphase TRIP800 steels can be used as a first postulation for the value of the martensitic phase transformation sensitivity to the stress state and the microstructure based model previously developed for calculating the mechanical behavior of the TRIP800 steels can be utilized as a virtual design tool for development of TRIP steels having specific mechanical properties.
H. Jafarian, H. Miyamoto,
Volume 17, Issue 1 (3-2020)
Abstract
In the present work, accumulative roll bonding (ARB) was used as an effective method for processed of nano/ultrafine grained AA6063 alloy. Microstructural characteristics indicate considerable
grain refinement leading to an average grain size of less than 200 nm after 7 ARB cycles. Texture analysis showed that 1-cycle ARB formed a strong texture near Copper component ({112}<111>). However, texture transition appeared by increasing the number of ARB cycles and after 7-cycle of ARB, the texture was mainly developed close to Rotated Cube component ({100}<110>). The results originated from mechanical properties indicated a substantial increment in strength and microhardness besides a meaningful drop of ductility after 7 ARB cycles.
I. Kakaravada, A. Mahamani, V. Pandurangadu,
Volume 17, Issue 1 (3-2020)
Abstract
In the present investigation, A356-TiB2/TiC composites with a various weight fractions (0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5%) were synthesized through a K2TiF6-KBF4-Graphite (C) reaction system. Formation of TiB2 and TiC particulates and their distribution are confirmed by various characterization techniques. The tensile properties such as ultimate strength, yield strength, young's modulus and percentage of elongation in addition to their failure behavior of these composites were studied at ambiance and high temperatures (100, 200 and 3000C). The increment in the volume fraction of the composite raises the hardness and the enhancement of hardness was reported up to 49% at 7.5% reinforced composite due to the strengthening effect. The density and porosity of fabricated composites were investigated. The rise in volume fraction of reinforcement phase declines the density and increase the porosity of composites. Further, the ultimate strength, yield strength, young's modulus is declining by raising the temperature. Result analysis illustrates that the 7.5% reinforced composite retaining the ultimate strength up to 84.4% and the ductility is raised by 27% at 3000C. Yield strength and young's modulus are also retained 74.31% and 71.09% respectively at the similar material and experimental conditions. The fracture surface analysis of the composites illustrates that, the ductile nature of failure appearance microscopically with the formation of fine dimples and voids on fracture surface at elevated temperatures. Cleavage facets and tear crumples observation indicates the brittle kind of failure at the ambient temperature. Findings from the experimental study provide the tensile behavior of the composites at the regular working temperature of the automobile engine piston.
B. Mirzakhani, Y. Payandeh, H. Talebi, M. Maleki,
Volume 17, Issue 3 (9-2020)
Abstract
In this paper, the effect of two-step precipitation hardening on the mechanical properties of Al-3.7Cu-1Mg was investigated. For this meaning, some specimens were subjected to the first step aging at 175, 190 and 205°C for 2 h, once the samples solution treated at 500°C. To have stable precipitates uniformly distributed in the microstructure and to reduce the heat treatment time, the second step was implied at 65°C. The tensile and hardness tests were performed at ambient temperature immediately after aging. The results indicated that depending on the first step temperature, the second aging time affects the alloy mechanical behavior in different aspects. A factor named SNMP introduced to determine the cycle giving the best mechanical properties. The strength and elongation increase 1.5 and 2 times respectively; compared to the values reported in the DIN EN 755-2 standard by performing the two-step aging cycle, consisting of the first-stage at 175°C and the second step at 65°C for 10 hours. Moreover, using the proposed two-step aging, the heat treatment time was reduced considerably compared to the conventional precipitation hardening process.
Reza Mirahmadi Babaheydari, Seyed Oveis Mirabootalebi, Gholam Hosein Akbari Fakhrabadi,
Volume 18, Issue 1 (3-2021)
Abstract
Cu-based alloys have a wide range of applications in the electronics industry, communications industry, welding industries, etc. Regarding the type and percentage of the second phase, changing in the alloying elements has a significant effect on the mechanical and electrical properties of copper composites. The aim of the present work is to synthesize, investigate, and compare the micro-structure, micro-hardness, and electrical properties of different Cu-based nanocomposites. For this purpose, Cu-Al, Cu-Al2O3, Cu-Cr, and Cu-Ti were fabricated via ball milling of copper with 1, 3, and 6 weight percentages. The vial speed was 350 rpm and the ball-to-powder weight ratio was kept at 15:1. The milling process was performed at different times in Argon. Next, the prepared composites were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Based on XRD patterns, crystallite size, lattice strain, and lattice constant were calculated by Rietveld refinement using Maud software. The results show a decrease of crystallite size, and an increase of the internal strain and lattice constant by rising the alloying elements in all composites. Then, the produced powders compressed via the cold press and annealed at 650˚C. Finally; the micro-hardness and the electrical resistance of the manufactured tablets were measured. The results of these analyses show that micro-hardness is increased by enhancement of the reinforcement material, due to the rising of the work hardening. Cu-6wt%Ti with 312 Vickers and Cu-1wt%Al2O3 with 78 Vickers had the highest and lowest micro-hardness, respectively. Moreover, the results of the electrical resistance indicate a dramatic rise in the electrical resistance by increasing the amount of alloying material, which Cu-1wt%Al with 0.26 Ω had the highest electrical conductivity.
Mahdi Alishavandi, Mahnam Ebadi, Amir Hossein Kokabi,
Volume 18, Issue 2 (6-2021)
Abstract
Friction-Stir Processing (FSP) was applied on AA1050 Aluminum Alloy (AA) to find the highest mechanical properties among 28 combinations of the rotational and traverse speed (800-2000 rpm and 50-200 mm.min-1) and four different tool probe shapes (threaded, columnar, square and triangle). To this aim, the AA standard sheet went through a single pass of FSP. The 1600 rpm and 100 mm.min-1 with threaded tool probe was chosen as the best combination of rotational and traverse speed. Grain size at the Stirred Zone (SZ) was studied using Optical Microscopy (OM). The results showed that the SZ’s grain size was refined from 30 μm down to about 12 μm due to dynamic recrystallization during FSP. The processed sample exhibited improved hardness, yield stress, ultimate tensile strength, elongation up to 65, 80, 66, and 14%, respectively, compared to the annealed AA sample. Studying fractographic features by OM and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) revealed a dominantly ductile fracture behavior.
Sravanthi Gudikandula, Ambuj Sharma,
Volume 19, Issue 4 (12-2022)
Abstract
The lean duplex stainless steels (LDSS) have excellent features due to the microstructural phase
combination of austenite and ferrite grains. These steels have low Ni and Mo contents which can reduce the cost
and stabilize the austenite fraction in the microstructure. In recent years, welding is used to enhance the
microstructural behaviour of LDSS. In this paper, Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) was performed on LDSS
S32101 with different heat energy inputs and varying welding currents. The influence of heat inputs (0.85 and 1.3
kJ/mm) on welded samples was investigated to study the microstructural behaviour, phase balance, and mechanical
& corrosion performance. The microstructures studies were carried out using an optical microscope, scanning
electron microscope and X-ray diffraction. The effect of Heat input led to the significant microstructural evolution
in weld metals with high austenite reformation. The microstructure of weldments consisted of inter-granular
austenite (IGA), grain boundary austenite (GBA) and Widmanstatten austenite (WA). Important mechanical
properties such as tensile strength and micro-hardness were investigated to understand the performance of
weldments. The polarization method was used to understand the corrosion behaviour of weldment in a 3.5% NaCl
solution. The experimental results showed enhanced properties of welds that could be suitable for industrial
applications.
Maryam Salehi, Milad Dadashi, S. Parsa Kashani Sani,
Volume 20, Issue 2 (6-2023)
Abstract
In the present study, bulk refined-structured Al 5083 alloy with high mechanical properties was successfully fabricated by hot consolidation process of nanostructured melt- spun flakes. The influence of cooling rate and pressing conditions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the alloy were investigated using X-ray diffractometer (XRD), optical microscopy (OM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), microhardness, and compression tests. Rapid solidification combined with the hot consolidation at T=753 K (480 °C) and P= 800 MPa for 20 min produced a bulk sample with the desirable bonding, good microhardness (184.2±12.4 HV), and high strength (273±8 MPa) combined with 7 pct. fracture strain. These amounts are 78.6±5.1 HV, 148 ±9 MPa and about 5 pct. for the as-cast sample. Microstructural refinement during the controlled consolidation of nanostructure rapidly- solidified flakes contributes to such high mechanical properties of the bulk sample.
Zahra Shamohammadi Ghahsareh, Sara Banijamali, Alireza Aghaei,
Volume 20, Issue 2 (6-2023)
Abstract
Various analysis techniques were used to investigate the effects of P2O5 on the crystallization, mechanical features, and chemical resistance of canasite-based glass-ceramics. The results showed that canasite-type crystals were the primary crystalline phase in the examined glass-ceramics subjected to the two-step heat treatment, while fluorapatite was the secondary crystalline phase in some specimens. The microstructural observations by field emission electron microscope indicated that the randomly oriented interlocked blade-like canasite crystals decreased with an increase in the P2O5 content of the parent glasses. Among the examined glass-ceramics, the Base-P2 composition (containing 2 weight ratios of P2O5 in the glass) showed the most promising mechanical features (flexural strength of 176 MPa and fracture toughness of 2.9 MPa.m1/2) and chemical resistance (solubility of 2568 µg/cm2). This glass-ceramic could be further considered as a core material for dental restorations.
Deepak Jagannathana, Hiriyannaiah Adarsha, Keshavamurthy Ramaiah, Ramkumar Prabhud,
Volume 20, Issue 3 (9-2023)
Abstract
Several extensive researches are being carried out in the field of 3D printing. Polymer matrices, such as High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE), are less explored in particular on the microstructure and mechanical properties of HDPE composites developed via Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) process. Very scarce amount of works is devoted to study HDPE’s reinforced with carbon nano-tubes (CNT’s) . In the present work, we report on the mechanical properties of HDPE composites prepared via FDM process. Varying proportions of CNTs ( 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2%) are used as reinforcements. It is found that increasing CNT content enhances impact and tensile strength, with HDPE/2.0%CNT outperforming pure HDPE by approximately 71.6% and 25.4%, respectively. HDPE/2.0%CNT composite also showed Young's modulus approximately 49.2% higher than pure HDPE. According to fracture analysis, pure HDPE failed near ductile, whereas composites failed brittle. CNTs occupy the free positions in the polymeric chains, and their tendency to restrict chain mobility causes HDPE to lose ductility and begin to behave brittle. The use of CNTs as reinforcement successfully improved the mechanical properties of HDPE.
Padmanaban Ramasamy,
Volume 21, Issue 2 (6-2024)
Abstract
The present investigation delves into the friction stir welding of AA5052 and AZ31B alloys, examining the effects of three distinct parameter configurations. A face-centered central composite design, structured to incorporate full replications for comprehensive and reliable analysis, was employed. A pivotal element of this study is implementing an advanced deep neural network (DNN) model. Characterized by its varied activation functions, structural parameters, and training algorithms, this DNN model was adeptly configured to precisely predict the tensile strength and microhardness of the welded joints. This comprehensive examination also included a quantitative assessment of the parameter effects on joint microstructure and mechanical properties. Flawless welds with exemplary surface characteristics were attained through a meticulously optimized set of parameters: a tool rotation speed set at 825 rpm, a tool traverse speed of 15 mm/min, and a shoulder diameter of 18 mm. During the welding process, the formation of intermetallic compounds, specifically Al12Mg17 and Al3Mg2, was observed. An exceptionally refined grain size of 2.23 µm was observed in the stir zone, contributing to the joint's enhanced tensile strength, measured at 180 MPa. The hardness of the specimen fabricated at the high rotational speed is more elevated due to the brittle intermetallic compounds. The better mechanical properties are related to the reduction and distribution of intermetallic compounds formed in the interface zone.
Ramin Dehghani, Seyed Mojtaba Zebarjad,
Volume 21, Issue 3 (9-2024)
Abstract
Acrylic resins are one of the most important thermoplastic resins used in various industries due to their significant properties. However, they are inherently brittle and addition plasticizers to them is very common. In this study, role of both Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) and Triacetin on the mechanical properties of acrylic resin have been investigated. To do so tensile test, bending and wear tests have been performed. To achieve the optimal mixture of plasticizers, a tensile test has been carried out, and the best percentage of the mixture has been determined. Subsequently, bending and wear tests were conducted, which showed a significant increase in the bending strength of the acrylic resin after the addition of plasticizers. Furthermore, it was found that the abrasion mechanism of the resin was significantly altered compared to its pure state.
Tumelo Moloi, Thywill Cephas Dzogbewu, Maina Maringa, Amos Muiruri,
Volume 21, Issue 3 (9-2024)
Abstract
The stability of microstructure at high temperatures is necessary for many applications. This paper presents investigations on the effect of changes in temperature on the microstructures of additively manufactured Ti6Al4V(ELI) alloy, as a prelude to high temperature fatigue testing of the material. In the present study, a Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) EOSINT M290 was used to additively manufacture test samples. Produced samples were stress relieved and half of these were then annealed at high temperatures. The samples were then heated from room temperature to various temperatures, held there for three hours and thereafter, cooled slowly in the air to room temperature. During tensile testing, the specimens was heated up to the intended test temperature and held there for 30 minutes, and then tensile loads applied to the specimens till fracture. Metallographic samples were then prepared for examination of their microstructures both at the fracture surfaces and away from them. The obtained results showed that changes in temperature do have effects on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V(ELI) alloy. It is concluded in the paper that changes in temperature will affect the fatigue properties of the alloy.
