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Castellated beams are generally provided with hexagonal and circular openings in the web portion. However, in view of structural applications, appropriate size and shape of openings in web are always a major issue of concern. Research work carried out in optimizing sizes of castellated beam with hexagonal openings have reported that castellated beams fail mainly by local failure modes and stress concentrations at opening edges. Castellated beams with sinusoidal openings offer better performance due to its increased area for stress distribution in addition to curved edges that causes smooth stress distribution. Few researchers have studied flexural behaviour of castellated beams with sinusoidal openings however, optimization for size of such openings has not been reported so far. The paper focuses on parametric study of castellated beam with sinusoidal openings for optimization of opening size. Finite element analysis (FEA) is carried out by Abaqus software and also by Eurocode for different opening sizes and results obtained is experimentally validated. Results show that, castellated beam with sinusoidal opening of size 0.55times the overall depth of beam gives better strength.

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Nowadays, the behavior of designed structures is mostly studied using numerical software products. It is important that the models are sufficiently simple, but the calculated values approximate well the real behavior of the structures. In order for a numerical model to realistically describe the structural behavior, the software used must have material models that are parametrized accordingly. The primary purpose of this article is to create various prefabricated reinforced concrete specific joints in a simply prefabricated RC frame. Thus, in the present study, we examined prefabricated column-cup foundation and column-beam connections. The numerical analyses were carried out in the ATENA 3D software, in which the modeling technique we have developed can be used to examine reinforced concrete structures and structural details at a high level. In these studies, we highlight the differences between linear and nonlinear numerical methodologies. During our investigations, we analyze the joints of the examined frame in separate models on which we operate monotonically increasing vertical and horizontal loads. We examine the obtained load-displacement graphs, the failure of the connections, and the behavior of the elements that make up each connection.
Finally, we extended the relationship by modeling the beam of the frame position, pointing out the behavior of the entire structure.