Journal of Researches in Islamic Architecture

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There were the glorious examples of the architecture of mosque once in Iran.They were the places for equality between all classes, so they must have qualities for invitation, guidance, and reminder and call the believers and attract other followers of religions as the missionary of Islam. This invitation is not only in the field of vision, but also in terms of audio and other means, such as multi-functionality, centrality, and location of deployment. This architecture was considered to be the main factor in identifying the complexes of Muslims due to its comprehensiveness, importance, severalty and high status in the past times, But today it has lost its inviting role because of structural changes. In contemporary times, as well as the changes in the structure of the city, due to the changing needs and functions of the mosques, as well as the distinction with dimensions and their location in the urban structure and economic constraints, the goals and characteristics of the mosques were also forgotten; So that today all the social groups have reacted from citizens and worshipers to architects and urban designers.
Paying attention to the Invitation role of the mosques forms the central idea of the present paper. It is one of the pillars of urban design and planning in contemporary city centers and neighborhoods. All aspects of the invitation in the body, function and meaning are important in this research. The present paper addresses this question: How can we use the physical, functional and semantic components of the mosques to enhance the quality of the invitation on the urban and local scale, the entrance view, as well as the interior space of the building. This paper is looking for the optimal design process. In this regard, using the content analysis methodology, we are going to refresh the actions and theories in the field of related topics. We are presented a desirable process to promote the quality of the invitation of contemporary mosques by achieving a conceptual and applied framework. We elaborate the subject by selecting 8 examples of contemporary Tehran mosques. We analyses the elements affecting the general form of the building, the external walls, the design and the entrance and the interior space of the mosques by referring to library resources and field observations. The results of the analysis show that an ideal set of physical factors to semantic components affects mosque admission that has a significant effect on the enhancement of the presence of the individual and the community. These results categorizes and describes in terms of criteria of visibility and centrality in urban scale, admission and guidance in middle-level scale, meaningfulness and visual memory in the outer walls and the entrance perspective, convergence and spatial regulation in the interior space of the mosques.

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Mosque as a social worship center for continued dynamic life requires strong communication with the context achieved through the physical and natural human connection to the external environment. Appropriate communication between the building and the context of its formation is the most important thing in architecture .The role of between spaces in creating or making connection and detachment is important mentally and objectively to determine the quality of this relationship. Depending on the scale of the elements the quality of between spaces and their nature also varies in different conditions .The between spaces that make the connection between mosque and the outside environment various from functional structural and semantic in terms of historical development location and urban communication and it can be examined in terms of Islamic wisdom. Scale also plays an important role in these studies that can be from the macro scale (relationship of mosque with city) Midscale (the relationship between elements and spaces) and micro scale (elements of mosque) will vary.
This project examines the quality of between spaces and external environment at midscale and space that visitors to the mosque experience when they are crossing the street and entering the mosque. Analyzing this link to the entrance of the mosque is restricted from the outside to entrance of seraglio. It is assumed that the outward path is in the preparation of the prayer that has an important role to get a sense of spirit of approaching the mosque. Depending on the design, sometimes this rout is formed indoors and sometimes outdoor and semi outdoor. The main question is that how functional and semantic features represent this path in modern or traditional structures. How this relationship can be explained in terms of its functional structure and its effect on the implicit meaning. The characterization of between spaces is intended as a functional tool to create the desired link between mosque and outer urban environment. Thus, the purpose of the research is to explain this relationship to improve the status of existing mosques and to improve design of future mosques. The research method is logical reasoning. It is analyzed the feature of between spaces passing through the inside of mosque from three dimensions  structural functional and semantic in twelve specimen that selected from mosque in regional mosques in Tehran in a range from traditional to modern is analyzed. After examining the structural and functional features of graft inside and outside of the mosque its implications are analyzed and they are using the semantic differentiation technique .The method of semantic differentiation for expressing someone s feelings about space and it is used with bipolar adjectives .These traits were selected according to the purpose of study to express the meanings associated with outer space of the mosque to the entrance to seraglio. Research model that developed by introducing key elements  emphasize on balancing functional and semantic structural dimensions in the formation of outside and inside the mosque .By examining the semantic differentiation graph that is divided in two group of mosques  that have modern and traditional design , It can be said that the entrance space in modern mosques by enhancing traits such as  cheer excitement and self-esteem  rather than creating spiritual and practical communication  between the inside and outside  only exemplifies a stronger physical appearance .
The findings show that in the design of most contemporary mosques instead of updating the spiritual foundations that embedded in traditional patterns, the social worship function of the mosque has been reduced to the function of day. These results in the order and hierarchy of the spatial layers that bonded outside and inside the mosque. Traditional patterns are more successful in most aspects than modern ones. Most contemporary mosques rather than being a focal point for responding to people ,s  spiritual needs  are likely more at the service of side functions such as formal ceremonies .In this regard sometimes the entrance to separate halls for ceremonies is more important than hierarchy of entry and approach to spiritual function of the mosques worship. In other words in different social platforms of design innovation should not be undermine functional structural principles and implications of entering the worship space of the mosque. Rather they must have a deep and accurate understanding of meaning and concept and perform functions tailored to the needs of day in hierarchy of functions .In new structures the formation of between spaces and inside the mosque can be balanced by design arrangement .These layers of space begin from outer space and counter of the mosque and by passing through the entrance space with appropriate elements reach to the entrance layer of seraglio. Thus with respect to the spatial concepts appropriate to the spatial layers, there is a possibility of diversity   and innovation in designing the entrance to the mosque. It should be done by using green and flooring areas in harmony with the spiritual uses of the mosque and it should provide the perfect backdrop for pauses and movement in everyday   use and various events. Although in modernizing marginal functions or elements that combine with mosques .The main function should not be affected but the existence of consonant functions reinforces the role of mosque s as a center of social cultural activity. Thus new designs can follow the evolution of time and can be on the path to excellence and evolution of meaning embedded in rich architecture of Iranian mosques.

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Planning is one of the basic tools to achieve optimal living conditions. In the meantime, negotiation is one of the most important approaches in the new planning systems, which has a special place in the current era of urban planning and governance. Negotiation planning or in other words discourse is one of the new methods in urban studies that is widely used, especially in advanced democratic societies. Jane Hillier, as the author of this theory, has used the theories of thinkers such as Habermas and Foucault to explain the principles of this theory. In the Islamic perspective, consultation and negotiation have a sublime and special place. In the verses of the Qur'an and the school of religious leaders, the role of consultation has been very important and people and their views on various social, governmental and other issues have had a great place. This research seeks to study the theoretical roots of the negotiation planning approach and extract its intellectual processes to study its structure and finally the characteristics and principles of this type of planning from the perspective of teaching. To study Islamic theories and theories of contemporary Islamic thinkers on the subject of government and religious democracy and democracy. According to the overlapping topics in this case study, from the method of document analysis and content analysis and logical reasoning, as well as qualitative and descriptive methods and conducting interviews with experts (interviews with 14 academic experts in the fields of urban planning and sociology, as well as Field professors) has been used to express the research results. Finally, by comparatively comparing the principles and rules of this type of planning with the criteria of Islamic urban planning and the principles and rules of democracy and the council from an Islamic perspective, the strengths and weaknesses of this type of planning are examined and stated in the planning approach. Negotiation relies solely on the views and opinions of the people and has nothing to do with religious norms. Therefore, it seems that this approach can be effective only in those parts of urban management that have people-centered plans. On the other hand, the approach of religious democracy is more focused on religious values ​​and the opinion of the people is of secondary importance. On the one hand, this issue makes sure that the plans and programs are based on religion and Sharia, but on the other hand, it has nothing to do with humanist and humanistic plans. Therefore, it can be said that if in urban studies, it is based only on the opinions of the people, its competence can not be confirmed from the perspective of religion, but if in the management of urban issues, the opinion of the people along with religious and jurisprudential principles and rules and based Formed, they can help run a city and an Islamic community.

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