Search published articles
, , ,
Volume 2, Issue 4 (3-2015)
Volume 2, Issue 4 (3-2015)
Abstract
Background: Abundant studies have shown that, spending and attending long-hours in health centers is regarded as a stressful experience for patients, visitors, and staffs. Therefore, many researchers have considered and noticed using the nature in health centers as an approach to decrease environmental stresses and improving the environment quality. Their findings denote the issue that using landscape and creating the possibility to access the nature for users of health centers can provide a calming environment and also would be effective in patient’s improvement process. Objectives: Now in the present study, in order to emphasize the use of nature in the country's health centers and to have a more profound look to the issue, role of the nature in human's healing and its reason, have been investigated using Islamic resources and by applying a descriptive-analytic method. Then, to provide a practical approach the possibility of implementing Persian garden pattern, as a healing garden in hospitals, has been evaluated. Methods: At first, comprehensive characteristics of a healing garden in hospitals were explained and then by reviewing and analyzing the related scientific literatures, conformity of these characteristics to a Persian garden pattern were investigated through two approaches. 1- Description and analysis of the existing library documents 2- investigation of the experts’ attitude through a questionnaire. Results: In the research findings, the effect of nature on human’s health according to the Islamic sources was described and the causes of these effects were also mentioned. In the Islamic sources, abundant literature emphasizes and focuses on the positive effect of nature on human’s health and use of it for human’s healing is theoretically a proper issue. Thus, relationship with nature can play a positive role by guiding the internal sources of treatment in human, along with the medicine (external treatment sources). Findings of the present study indicate that this effect may be due to some reasons such as a common origin and existential domains and also stimulation of human’s powers and senses. Therefore, if human’s five senses emphasized in designing, effect of the nature on human’s health would be more effective. Healing gardens are those gardens which do not only have aesthetic function, but also due to the association they make with users, they lead in healing of physical and especially mental patients and at a higher level, they prevent from illness in the human. According to article reviews, the following nine features can be mentioned as the characteristics of a healing garden in hospitals: 1. Providing access to the nature and interaction with it 2. Creating an opportunity for selection, privacy and experience in having control over affairs 3. Creating an environment for getting together and social interaction 4. Creating a space for physical activity (walking) 5. Meeting others 6. Silence and being away from mechanical and machine noises 7. Peace and security 8. Readability 9. Creating positive and clear features Comparative study of the pattern of Iranian gardens with the above-mentioned features was performed based on the evaluation of the existing documents, Iranian garden is an appropriate pattern to be applied in design ideas of healing gardens in hospitals. Subsequently, experts’ views in this regard were investigated. According to the experts’ view, the most important result of this section of the study is the high level conformity (90/13%) of the Iranian gardens to the characteristics of a healing garden. The highest percentage of conformity related to the readability feature (98/2%) that distinguishes Iranian gardens from other patterns such as Japanese gardens. According to the experts, after readability, “providing the accessibility to the nature and interacting with it” is the most important feature of the Iranian gardens in the present study. The reason for this may be the profound association of the Iranian gardens with plans and water, stimulation of all human’s senses by environmental factors, thoughtful selection and planting of flora. In this study, two features of “creating an opportunity for selection, privacy and experience of having control over affairs” and “peace and security in Iranian gardens” had the lowest percentage of conformity (78/2 and 77/4%) based on the experts’ view. Of course, in general, higher than 75 percent of conformity indicates a high capability in providing the intended feature but the percentages of these two features being lower than other features can be attributed to the orthogonal geometry, symmetry and high readability of Iranian gardens. In a regular geometric pattern, there is a lower spatial diversity compared to what is observed in non-artificial nature or Japanese gardens. With respect to the high readability and clarity of the Iranian gardens, fewer cozy and far from public sight spaces have been formed and generally speaking, there are fewer private areas to be chosen by users. Discussion: Now, if it is decided to apply the pattern of Iranian gardens with a healing function in medical centers, in order to enhance the efficacy and efficiency of a garden, the designers are required to improve private areas and provide users with more spatial diversity for selection with committed innovation and adoption of thoughtful solutions. Moreover, the interested people and researchers can investigate reinforcement and improvement of the two features of “private areas” and “spatial diversity” in Iranian gardens as a useful research issue.
Hamzeh Mohaghegh, Zahra Fallah Zavareh, Abbas Tarkashvand, Mohsen Faizi,
Volume 9, Issue 3 (9-2021)
Volume 9, Issue 3 (9-2021)
Abstract
Today, the improvement of facades by means of technological tools has caused them to play a more active role in the relationship between inside and outside the building. One of these technological tools is the kinetic electromechanical device. numerous experimental efforts and researches have shown that moving (or kinetic) facade systems can establish a better interaction between inside and outside the building and by adjusting the environmental conditions, reduce their harmful role and increase the useful connection between inside and outside. one of the important issues in designing kinetic facades is their mechanism’s geometric shapes. This geometry, on the one hand, must be able to open and close, and on the other hand, must have aesthetic values. due to the systematic and mathematical nature in Islamic geometric patterns, they can be produced parametrically with new software and hardware. This indicates their possible use in kinetic facades. mobility in the facade (or its modules) requires the geometrical ability of its components to maintain its structure and continuity during transformation. The art of Origami is a useful tool to achieve this feature. Therefore, it seems that it is possible to turn an array of modules based on Islamic geometric patterns into a kinetic facade with the help of origami knowledge, which is transformed under certain conditions and a tool to optimize parameters related to the building performance by adjusting the internal and external connection. The facade of a building is associated with a set of factors. in this regard, it is said that the effect of natural light in shaping the shape of the building is very important. Accordingly, in this research, an attempt was made to extract the optimal geometry pattern and the appropriate origami stimulus angle by creating several origami patterns based on Islamic geometric patterns and adapting them to daylight at different times of the year. For this purpose, first, using quantitative mathematical tools, an algorithm was developed that could be used to create a wide range of Islamic geometric patterns. Then, in the next step, origami opening and closing modules were generated using these geometries as basic crease patterns. Next, three modules were selected to simulate daylight performance according to install them to the south façade of a room, and compared with three closed, medium and open modes, during the winter, summer and equinox. The comparison of these patterns was done by simulating the amount of light received in the software. The findings of this study include several main axes. First, the geometry of Islamic motifs can be reproduced by parametric patterns. second, these patterns can be transformed into three-dimensional folding structures. Also, the geometric model based on the 72-degree generating angle allows to receive the optimal amount of daylight.
Amidoleslam Saghatoleslami, Mohammad Amin Ahmadi Bonakdar,
Volume 10, Issue 2 (3-2022)
Volume 10, Issue 2 (3-2022)
Abstract
The principle of "privacy" is one of the principles of Islamic worldview and culture, which is considered as one of the important moral and cultural values in the social life of Muslims. Throughout the history of urbanization in Iran, the concept of privacy and respect for privacy has been influential from the formation of architectural space to the spatial organization of cities and Locating urban functions side by side. On the other hand, Iranian-Islamic urban planning should be such that in addition to supplythe needs of the material realm of human life, it can also meet the needs of other realms of human life (psychological and spiritual realms of life) and in the meantime Observance of the principle of privacy plays an important role in meeting such needs. In the contemporary urban planning of the iran, by applying Western ideas and theories and imitating modernist models, the principle of privacy, like many other valuable concepts, has been forgotten, so that now Less attention is paid to this concept in urban development programs and plans. The purpose of this study is to develop criteria and indicators for the emergence and manifestation of the concept of privacy in Iranian-Islamic urban planning. Research method in this research is based on systematic review of texts, studies and research related to the subject and content analysis of information collected. In conclusion, the present article presents the indicators related to the principle of privacy in various components of the urban environment, including physical-functional and socio-cultural components, and Recommends their application in urban development programs and plans to improve the quality of urban environments.
Mis Sohila Rezaiee Adaryani, Dr Nooreeddin Azimi,
Volume 10, Issue 3 (3-2022)
Volume 10, Issue 3 (3-2022)
Abstract
The Shrine of Abdolazim located in Ancient historical city of Ray is a complex including holy shrines of Immamzadeh Taher, Immamzadeh Hamzeh and Abdolazim Hassni. Immamzadeh Taher’s shrine is placed at the north side of the complex and at the east side of Abdolazim Hassni’s shrine and the museum of the complex also is at the south east of Mosalla (praying room for muslims) which is ornamented with decorative arrays. The complex is one of the most valuable treasures of architectural works and related arts. Its construction dates back to the second half of third Hijri century and it has been developed and evolved up to the present century. The complex has been greatly decorated with some artistic works. Some of the most significant of which are inscriptions by "Mohammd Ebrahim Tehrani known for Mirza Amo" who has been one of the outstanding and well-experienced inscription creators of Qajar era in Iran. The inscriptions were executed by applying Nastaliq script, and are considered important documents in the study of the development of Nastaliq scripts. They were written and made intwo calligraphic and architectural methods, respectively, on papers and on seven-color tiles.
Nastaliq as a favorite script has appeared in architectural designs attributed to Qajar era along with Thulth script. Thus recognition and awareness of prevalent Nastaliq inscriptions and their transformations are considered crucial needs for calligraphy and architecture communities, but the subject has been neglected by most researchers. Evaluation of calligraphic transformation through paper inscriptions which are directly written by calligraphers is an excellent and professional case study. Furthermore, since the quality of scripts undergo some changes or defects when transferring to tiles, stones or other things, analysis and comparison of paper inscriptions and seven-color tile inscriptions should be paid close attention to. Actually, it is a new look at epigraphy on seven-color tiles in which not only the calligrapher but the tileralso is involved.It can not be denied that production of calligraphic works specially Nastaliq script, is influenced by understanding transformations of scripts and manuscripts in form and structure over time; hence epigraphy and its transformation especially in holy places and the conformity of Nastaliq script with characteristics and requirements of epigraphy as well, have been overlooked by researchers. The purpose of this survey is to distinguish the differences between two methods of epigraphy, on papers and on tiles, and to realize transformations of Nastaliq letters and words when they were transferred from paper sheets to tiles. Library-based and field study resources as well as observational descriptive and analytical methods have been implemented to conduct the study. Some questions should necessarily be answered to obtain the aim of this study. Firstly, what are the differences between Mohammd Ebrahim Tehrani’s paper inscriptions kept in the museum of Abdolazim Hassani’s holy shrine and his seven-color tile inscriptions located in the veranda of Imamzadeh Taher’s holly shrine in terms of writing form of Nastaliq and its composition (tarkib)? Secondly, which attributes should be taken into consideration to classify these inscriptions? The result of evaluation in both types of epigraphy indicated some stylistic features and visual standards for the works available from second period of the Qajar era, namely, writing big sizes of words and letters plus relative structural coherence in Nastaliq writings. It was revealed that slight variations exist between the two types of epigraphy. In the tile inscriptions, for instance, letters and words were written smaller in size and they were also executed bolder in comparison to the paper inscriptions. Thestretched letters (kashidas)are noticed to be elongated shorter in this type of epigraphy, though. Individual letters Additionally, the angel between calligraphy ."ه" are not attached tothe letter of ha "و،ر" such as ra and vav pen and the paper while writing dots (noghte) varies between 36 and 50 degrees. Furthermore, fewer ‘seating’ lines (korsi) and the same type of gemination, the doubling of a consonantal sound, were conceived in composition (tarkib) of the tile inscriptions. It was observed that words and letters underwent minor changes when they were transferred from the papers to the tiles, due to direct supervision of the calligrapher and his expertise in writing on variety of surfaces in addition to theskillful tiler who neatly created the tile inscriptions. Tehrani also has signed his paper inscriptions (1291 Hijri), available in Abdolazim Hassani’s Shrine, as "Mohammd Ebrahim Tehrani" which is the calligrapher's full name. He has utilized black ink on the pale gold background papers to make the inscriptions. Another notable feature is that two types of curved and angular frames are perceived in his paper inscriptions. His tile inscriptions (1301 Hijri), however, have been signed as "Mohammd Ebrahim, Mashhor Be Mirza Amo" which includes calligrapher’s first and nick names. White ink, navy blue backgrounds and curved shape frames were noted as the characteristics of the tile inscriptions by Tehrani.
Sanaz Rahravi Poodeh, Bahareh Tadayon,
Volume 10, Issue 3 (3-2022)
Volume 10, Issue 3 (3-2022)
Abstract
Social sustainability is one of the controversial issues which has far-reaching implications for the realms of architecture and urban design. In this respect, Joubareh Neighborhood in Isfahan, considered as the oldest historical location of the city, is of considerable importance. Despite the various values of this neighborhood, its historical texture has been deteriorating in recent years. Accordingly, recognition and setting a set of social sustainability indices may play a major role in conserving the historical values of this neighborhood. Since Joubareh is being depleted of its native residents replaced by non-native ones, the utmost endeavor must be made in order to conserve the historical values of this neighborhood encouraging the native residents to stay. This research aimed to identify those social sustainability indices in this neighborhood in order to encourage the native residents, who have a strong sense of belonging towards their neighborhood, to stay so that the deteriorating trend can be reversed. Joubareh is in fact the oldest location of the city and in the vicinity of which are there several significant monuments, like Atigh Gathering Mosque. So far, extensive research has been conducted on social sustainability in the housing sector. Concerning historical textures, similar research has been done only scantily. Which social sustainability indices in the historical texture of Joubareh must be applied? How do these factors and variables interact with each other? The methodology is quantitative and the data were gathered by surveying. Questionnaires were distributed and analyzed in two stages. In order to analyze data, SPSS Software was used and the One-sample test and the Friedman test were used to assess and prioritize the variables. In the first questionnaire, the sense of belonging of the residents in Joubareh was studied in terms of gender, occupation, and age of the respondents. The sense of belonging among the tradesmen was stronger than that of the women and of other occupations. Similarly, in terms of age, the elderly showed a stronger sense of belonging than that of others. Generally, the aged male shopkeepers and the aged housewives had a stronger sense of belonging than that of others.
Also, in the second questionnaire designed based on the needs of the aged housewives and the aged male shopkeepers, certain factors were taken into account for social indices such as the living quality index (respecting the individuals' privacy and peace), the quality of open spaces in the neighborhood, caring the historical features and revitalizing the lost identity and the quality of social interactions among the neighborhood's residents. The results indicated that the dimension of social interactions is significantly correlated with living quality as well as the quality of open spaces. By the same token, the dimension of social interactions is significantly correlated with the quality of open spaces in the historical textures. Likewise, the quality of open spaces and the dimension of historical textures are significantly correlated. In addition, the quality of open spaces is significantly related to historical texture. Finally, there is not a significant relationship between social interactions and historical textures. To the residents of Joubareh neighborhood, who feel a sense of belonging towards the neighborhood, the social sustainability indices, in terms of priority, include the living quality, the quality of open spaces, historical texture, and finally, social interactions. In brief, the results indicated that the residents of Joubareh neighborhood, including the elderly, both housewives, and the aged male shopkeepers, have a strong sense of belonging towards their neighborhood. The social sustainability indices for the residents were, in terms of priority, the living quality, the quality of open spaces, historical texture, and finally, social interactions.
Ms. Zohre Bahrami Kian, Dr. Ali Akbari,
Volume 10, Issue 3 (3-2022)
Volume 10, Issue 3 (3-2022)
Abstract
Since the sacred shrines are mainly located in the historical contexts of cities, preserving the historical identity of the context is one of the challenges in new developments. In some plans of developing holy places, it has been observed that the principles of planning, regardless of the existing spaces and the historical memory of pilgrims of the building and identity of the surrounding texture, has destroyed the intergenerational memories of individuals and cut off their mental connection with the building. Considering the social and cultural necessity of preserving the spacial and historical identity and mental relationship of people with the place in development planning, this study tries to base on the viewpoint of users in their lived experience of worship in the shrine of Hazrat Abdul Azim, define and examine the research hypotheses; Then interpret the data in a phenomenological way and offer operational solutions as the basis of intervention in holy places. The philosophical paradigm of research is critical discourse. Due to the nature of the variables, the research approach is qualitative; research method is the survey and research design is descriptive-analytical. Explaining the theoretical foundations of research and determining research variables has been done through library studies and field studies, including direct observation, interview and distribution of questionnaires.
To analyze the originality of people's mentality in the face of space, three hypotheses were proposed: 1. it is assumed that the geometry of spatial relationships, the type of connection with the shrine (dome) increases the sense of place attachment in the users. 2. It is assumed that the use of spatial quality factors affecting the perception of users leads to greater presence in the place. 3. It is assumed that the signs of historical identity play a role in the meaning of space and place attachment among users. The contribution of each factor has been analyzed and effective in designing new spaces. In the first hypothesis, the result of Pearson correlation test between the components of spatial relations – connection with the shrine and the sense of belonging, the correlation coefficient is 0.377. The value of a significant number is less than 0.01 and therefore there is a significant relationship between these two variables at the 99% confidence level. In the second hypothesis, the result of Pearson correlation test between the component of spatial quality factors affecting users' perception and the presence of people in the place shows a coefficient of 0.311. The value of the observed significant number is less than 0.05, which is less than the standard significance level (α = 5%). Therefore, there is a significant relationship between these two variables at 95% confidence level. In the third hypothesis, the result of Pearson correlation test between the component of the sign and its structure and the component of meaning and memory in place shows a coefficient of 0.377. The observed significant number is less than 0.01, which is less than the standard significance level (α = 5%). Therefore, there is a significant relationship between these two variables at 99% confidence level. Finding results of the discussion show that the spatial hierarchy of the building, visual relationship with the dome, quality factors affecting users' perception in any space and the existence of meaningful signs have a direct, positive and significant effect on the components of place attachment in people mental identity of place and preserving them makes the place more identifiable. According to the analysis in this study, it can be concluded that the most important issue in the development plan of historical religious sites is the originality of the mentality of individuals towards spaces and places. The mental thing formed in the subconscious mind of the people remain the guarantor of the creation of the spiritual mentality of the people in the space and basically forms the subjective nature of the space. This is more important and fundamental than the objective nature of the building because meaning is the most essential element of being in spiritual situations. This issue was also indicated in the statistical tests of the research. Therefore, in the context of religious history, the presentation of the same and modified copies (which is also contrary to international rules and regulations) calls into question the value, efficiency and desirability of the initial model and reduces its historical significance. As a result, in development projects, giving a repetitive motif, pattern or elements can not solve the context problem, and this leads to the unification of anonymity. Depending on the potential of each field, the presentation of development plans will be numerous in cities. Citizens' dissatisfaction with the current development plans shows that the sense place attachment among the users is enormously important. Therefore, disturbing memorable situations under the pretext of development without effective planning will reduce the value of the place.
To analyze the originality of people's mentality in the face of space, three hypotheses were proposed: 1. it is assumed that the geometry of spatial relationships, the type of connection with the shrine (dome) increases the sense of place attachment in the users. 2. It is assumed that the use of spatial quality factors affecting the perception of users leads to greater presence in the place. 3. It is assumed that the signs of historical identity play a role in the meaning of space and place attachment among users. The contribution of each factor has been analyzed and effective in designing new spaces. In the first hypothesis, the result of Pearson correlation test between the components of spatial relations – connection with the shrine and the sense of belonging, the correlation coefficient is 0.377. The value of a significant number is less than 0.01 and therefore there is a significant relationship between these two variables at the 99% confidence level. In the second hypothesis, the result of Pearson correlation test between the component of spatial quality factors affecting users' perception and the presence of people in the place shows a coefficient of 0.311. The value of the observed significant number is less than 0.05, which is less than the standard significance level (α = 5%). Therefore, there is a significant relationship between these two variables at 95% confidence level. In the third hypothesis, the result of Pearson correlation test between the component of the sign and its structure and the component of meaning and memory in place shows a coefficient of 0.377. The observed significant number is less than 0.01, which is less than the standard significance level (α = 5%). Therefore, there is a significant relationship between these two variables at 99% confidence level. Finding results of the discussion show that the spatial hierarchy of the building, visual relationship with the dome, quality factors affecting users' perception in any space and the existence of meaningful signs have a direct, positive and significant effect on the components of place attachment in people mental identity of place and preserving them makes the place more identifiable. According to the analysis in this study, it can be concluded that the most important issue in the development plan of historical religious sites is the originality of the mentality of individuals towards spaces and places. The mental thing formed in the subconscious mind of the people remain the guarantor of the creation of the spiritual mentality of the people in the space and basically forms the subjective nature of the space. This is more important and fundamental than the objective nature of the building because meaning is the most essential element of being in spiritual situations. This issue was also indicated in the statistical tests of the research. Therefore, in the context of religious history, the presentation of the same and modified copies (which is also contrary to international rules and regulations) calls into question the value, efficiency and desirability of the initial model and reduces its historical significance. As a result, in development projects, giving a repetitive motif, pattern or elements can not solve the context problem, and this leads to the unification of anonymity. Depending on the potential of each field, the presentation of development plans will be numerous in cities. Citizens' dissatisfaction with the current development plans shows that the sense place attachment among the users is enormously important. Therefore, disturbing memorable situations under the pretext of development without effective planning will reduce the value of the place.
Seyed Ali Seyedian, Aarash Jahandari, Mehdi Hamzenezhad,
Volume 10, Issue 4 (12-2022)
Volume 10, Issue 4 (12-2022)
Abstract
By changing the concept of identity in contemporary architecture and destroying the identity of Iranian-Islamic architecture, the need to recognize this crisis in the identity of architecture today is more and more felt. The purpose of this research is to identify the factors that create the identity crisis and provide solutions for the realization of components in the architecture of Sari. In order to carry out this research, we examined the city of Sari in three macro-scale (total city), middle (neighborhoods) and wisdom (single monuments of contemporary). First, we attempted to identify the identity elements in the city, neighborhoods and contemporary buildings, and then we analyzed these factors. For this purpose, 400 questionnaires were distributed among citizens in the city of Sari, of which 274 were analyzed. In this way, we used spss software to analyze the data and statistical samples, and then we used the structural equation PLS software to analyze the correlation. The results of this study showed that what causes the identity crisis on the scale of the city, neighborhood and contemporary buildings. After identifying these factors, we need to provide some solutions to prevent this process from happening. The findings of the research indicated that the components of the monolithic scale were not sufficient to show that the residents first had to develop the principles and regulations by the relevant institutions to prevent this process of over-construction.
Dr. Abbas Ghaffari, Dr. Bita Shafaei, Dr. Morteza Mirgholami,
Volume 10, Issue 4 (12-2022)
Volume 10, Issue 4 (12-2022)
Abstract
In the present study, in order to explain the desirability of the soundscapes of the Timchehs of Tabriz Bazaar, Sound Pressure Level (SPL) and Reverberation Time (RT) have been measured as objective variables of acoustic behavior. Using descriptive questionnaire, subjective assessments were used to determine the quality of soundscape. The research seeks to answer the question of how the spatial characteristics of Tabriz Bazaar Timchehs affect their acoustic behavior and what factors are involved in the desirability of their soundscapes. Findings show that small-scale domes act as cavities with the retention of sound waves and have a good effect in reducing RT. Glass surfaces with sound reflection increase the echo of the environment and reduce the acoustic quality of the space. The materials used in Timcheh wall, brick with gypsum bonding, by diffusing sound waves play a positive role in acoustic quality. The results show that although the values of SPL and RT, which indicate the acoustical behavior of space, are somehow involved in the perception of people from the soundscape, but alone cannot be the basis for assessing the quality of the soundscape. The environmental characteristics and qualities of the spaces such as geometric proportions, dynamics or statics and the amount of congestion have a direct effect on the pleasantness of the urban soundscape in three Timches of Amir-e Shomali, Amir and Mozaffarieh. These three timches are part of tranquil spaces, and for this reason, the sudden appearance of some sounds, due to the difference in SPL, directly has a negative effect on the quality of the soundscape. Therefore, it is suggested that a component called Urban Soundscape Clarity be added to the studies in this field and be considered in the evaluation of soundscapes of tranquil urban spaces
Samaneh Hashemzehi, Jamaleddin Mahdinezhad Darzi, Baqher Karimi,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (4-2023)
Volume 11, Issue 2 (4-2023)
Abstract
The modern architect places a lot of weight on his status as an artist and heavily relies on changes like unique and self-aware language. Different intellectual foundations are effective in the production of form in architectural studies, which can be categorized in many areas, including conscious and unconscious. The researcher is attempting to determine how much the conscious mind and how much the unconscious contributed to the production of form during the contemporary era and the Safavid era, respectively. Two historical-comparative and documentary guidelines served as the foundation for this research, which was carried out using a qualitative approach. The study environment consists of documents that discuss the conceptual foundations of both the Safavid and contemporary eras. Based on the votes provided during both eras, it is important to consider the relationship between form production and creativity. As a result, a comparison was done using this index and the variables that affect it. Intellectual and artistic creativity has an unconscious nature, while scientific and logical creativity has a conscious nature. The comparative findings demonstrated that in Safavid architecture, the artist himself is transformed and finds new creativity throughout the creation of his works of art. To guide the soul in its substantial motion and to build a suitable platform for the realization of its transcendental powers, or, in other words, to lay the foundation for the immateriality of the soul, is the responsibility of the artist in the reciprocal relationship with his created product. The science of rational man is a sensual science. The Safavid era had rich and powerful intellectual roots in the unconscious process, which had an impact on the production of forms in architecture. Sacred art, in contrast to modern art, places meaning before style. Author architects discuss the phenomenon as a whole, as well as the contradictions between context and flexibility. From their perspective, however, the audience of the work is what matters since they bring the text to life, not the architect who merely recreates reality. They discuss intuition, existential experiences, and the unity of human nature. However, there is no information available regarding the nature of this encounter, the identification of the existential reality, or the advancement of it in the direction of a singular nature. Given the volume of information available to him, the architect must prioritize what can be resolved in his mind. Additionally, Eisenman believes that this individual expression occasionally promotes isolationist inventiveness without consideration for a unified order. Based on these foundations and their analysis, it is possible to conclude that it is urgently necessary to use the unconscious process in the creation of form in order to enhance the quality of the design and make it appropriate for the environment. This can be accomplished without placing the shape in its actual context by taking into consideration the inconsistencies since the architect's capacity to fully and completely comprehend the values and concepts in the universe and connect to the subconscious is constrained. Contextual construction compatibility is the result.
Mrs. Fatemeh Haddadeadel, Dr. Asghar Mohammad Moradi, Dr. Mehran Alalhesabi,
Volume 11, Issue 3 (9-2023)
Volume 11, Issue 3 (9-2023)
Abstract
Islamic-Iranian urban planning is one of the most important topics and concerns of thinkers who consider the buildings and spaces of the city as a place in line with human behavior and his spiritual and spiritual excellence and address the physical characteristics of the desired city from the perspective of Islam. According to the comprehensive teachings of the religion of Islam in the Utopia promised to the righteous people of the earth and its characteristics; It is understood that man with his civic nature will reach peace through participatory urban planning, and one of the important characteristics of a good public space is participation. The identity crisis caused by the damage to the historical contexts weakens the sense of human dependence on the environment and his civic character, and as a result, reduces social participation. In this article, by examining the physical criteria desired by Islam in the field of re-creation of historical textures, in the historical neighborhood of Oudlajan, Tehran, as a sample of studies where re-creation measures have been carried out and the presence of people in the context was weak after the measures; With the aim of investigating and studying the relationship between the indicators of "participation-based localization in the recreation of historical textures" as a factor of creating "local attachment" and "participation" using mixed research (quantitative and qualitative) using a descriptive-analytical method based on the methods of content analysis of library documents and quantitative cross-sectional survey (asking experts) and the people of Oudlajan neighborhood) and qualitative (systematic observations of the texture), has investigated the foundations of the Islamic idea of place-making based on participation in the recreation of historical textures. The data analysis was done by descriptive and inferential statistics method, the normality of the data was done by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and hypothesis testing was done by Spearman correlation coefficient and structural equations by PLS method and modeling by SmartPLS3 software. Validity was verified by professors and reliability was checked by reaching theoretical saturation point and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. After successfully passing all structural model tests including path coefficients (beta) and its significance (T-Value), coefficient of determination index (R2), predictive correlation index (Q2), influence intensity index (F2) and colinearity index (VIF) for two groups of people and experts with High reliability verification and modeling were presented. Then, through the systematic observation of each research index and expert qualitative analysis, the results were reviewed and generalized and a general model was presented. Based on the findings of the research, it was determined that the human-oriented and place-oriented spaces bound to the values of the religion of Islam and the originality of the historical context, through the location of the participation based on the context and increasing the social participation resulting from it in the process of re-creation, will lead to the preservation of the historical context and its Iranian-Islamic existence and increase the spatial attachment and participation.
Mahboobeh Sadat Mirshamsi, Professor Mohsen Vafamehr, Dr Heidar Jahan Bakhsh, Dr Zahra Barzegar,
Volume 11, Issue 4 (11-2023)
Volume 11, Issue 4 (11-2023)
Abstract
In the noble verses of the Quran and the traditions of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) and the Imams, multiple references have been made to places of worship, education, and residence. On the other hand, religious texts have extensively discussed light and its concepts. Architecture has long been a manifestation of sublime human emotions and a platform for the realization of human excellence. It creates a perceptible space that leads individuals to contemplation. Therefore, this article focuses on the assessment of daylight in the combined pattern of mosque-school-residential buildings, in one of its exceptional case studies, the Mansouriye Traditional Seminary in Shiraz. Daylight was evaluated based on indicators of illuminance, daylight factor, and light penetration depth on the first day of 22 December from 8 AM to 5 PM. The data for each component was collected in the selected southeast direction of worship, educational, and residential spaces using measurement methods (lux meter device), numerical calculations (Olgy formula), and geometric calculations. The data was then analyzed using two quantitative comparative methods with the standard of LED and the Iranian Lighting Design Association, and a qualitative analysis method. The results indicate satisfactory utilization of daylight in the studied space within the functional time frame of Islamic-Iranian architecture. The illuminance intensity in the mosque does not meet the standard. However, this indicator ranges from 200 to 500 lux in the school and from 150 to 500 lux in the room, aligning with the specified standards. The daylight factor in the place of worship does not have the standard, while it ranges from 2 to 5 percent in the school and in the room until 11 AM remain within the standard.
Shima Eslampour, Saiid Mirriahi, Susan Habib,
Volume 11, Issue 4 (11-2023)
Volume 11, Issue 4 (11-2023)
Abstract
In recent decades, following changes in various social, cultural, economic and political fields, various types of housing have been formed. In this regard, social housing is one of the forms of responding to housing needs. Social housing is a housing that prevents the formation of social harms and creates social cohesion in the society with the possibility of mixing. Due to the fact that in Iran, the design of this type of housing proceeds with a comprehensive view, it seems necessary to realize housing with a semantic approach, due to the increasing expansion of low-quality settlements in cities, so that in such settlements it can be designed spaces according to human needs. The purpose of this article is to return to the concept of residence and explain its hidden dimensions in social housing with a semantic approach and in order to achieve design policies in order to improve the quality of this type of housing. This article is done with a qualitative approach and qualitative content analysis method in the field of architecture. Data have been collected using the consensus of three methods (library studies, observation and interview). Next, the obtained data were analyzed in the MAXQDA20 software environment, then using coding, the data were converted into concepts, categories, and then into aspects. According to the studies, four aspects including physical-structural, social-cultural, perceptual-aesthetic and environmental are the hidden aspects of living in social housing, each of which refers to a meaning of human needs. In this way, when a person can settle in a place in the real sense, that place is beyond the attention to the quantitative aspect, a representation of the attention to the aspects of his existence, which is the physical-spiritual, social, spiritual and psychological aspect, to all aspects. to meet his various needs
Massud Wahdattalab, Zeinab Hayati,
Volume 11, Issue 4 (11-2023)
Volume 11, Issue 4 (11-2023)
Abstract
Understanding, comprehension and sensory reception of the human being, from the architectural implications, undergo changes by getting far and closer to the architectural works. It is necessary to pay attention to this issue in pilgrimage architecture due to the importance of feeling responses at different distances.This research answers these questions: 1- What effect does the change of scale have on the decline of pilgrimage architectural meanings such as "Grandeur" and "intimacy"? 2- What changes do people's feeling responses undergo at different stages of approaching a pilgrimage site? The purpose of this research is to investigate the two implications of Grandeur and Intimacy in pilgrimage buildings and how it is perceived by the visitor at different distances of the building, including the stages of seeing, crossing the threshold and touching the building in the center. In this research, a mixed approach was chosen and qualitative content analysis was used, followed by exploratory factor analysis in SPSS software and confirmatory factor analysis in AMOS software. For this purpose, the individual's "distance" variable was considered as an independent variable, and "intimacy" and " Grandeur" were considered as dependent variables. 19 items in the questionnaire were compiled using the intervention method and by manipulating the scale and size of the images and provided to 229 subjects. For ease of answering, one building was evaluated in each question. Further, exploratory factor analysis led to the discovery of 4 components, which were proved by confirmatory factor analysis. The findings of the research show that there is a significant relationship between visibility and Grandeur on the one hand and centrality and intimacy on the other hand. The standard factor loadings of the items of each factor are more than 0.4. Considering the significance of the items in their factor for all the variables of the research, it is concluded that by changing the scale in a desirable range from " Dominant scale" to "intimate scale", the person's preference is transformed from grandeur to intimacy. No matter how much in the stage of vision and desirability of grandeur, we witness a direct relationship with the same slope, the pleasantness of the proportional relationship and intimacy does not have such a constant rhythm and harmony, and too closeness to the sacred matter has an avoidance feature for the pilgrim.
Parsa Moosavinia, Neda Sadat Sahra Gard Monfared, Ali Ghafari,
Volume 11, Issue 4 (11-2023)
Volume 11, Issue 4 (11-2023)
Abstract
The housing debate has dimensions beyond just shelter, and among these dimensions, the social dimension is considered a measure of the growth of any society. One of the factors of the social dimension is the amount and type of social interactions among the residents of that society. However, in new constructions, less attention is paid to the social dimension.
By studying in this area, the importance of allocating a suitable space for the interaction of the residents of the complex, especially the open and semi-open space, is determined. The purpose of this research is to extract and identify the criteria of semi-open space effective on social interactions. In the step of reviewing the literature, using the descriptive-analytical method, to identify frequently repeated criteria with high impact capacity that considered both semi-open space and social interactions. Then, using the method of logical independence and comparative analogy, the criteria that exist separately in interactions or semi-open space were examined and their commonalities were identified as new criteria, and the frequency of all criteria was obtained through content analysis. Then, by using the Shannon entropy technique, all 34 criteria were measured and the main and most important criteria were obtained, among which the criteria for the provision of the territory of space provision related to the new criteria were identified.
By studying in this area, the importance of allocating a suitable space for the interaction of the residents of the complex, especially the open and semi-open space, is determined. The purpose of this research is to extract and identify the criteria of semi-open space effective on social interactions. In the step of reviewing the literature, using the descriptive-analytical method, to identify frequently repeated criteria with high impact capacity that considered both semi-open space and social interactions. Then, using the method of logical independence and comparative analogy, the criteria that exist separately in interactions or semi-open space were examined and their commonalities were identified as new criteria, and the frequency of all criteria was obtained through content analysis. Then, by using the Shannon entropy technique, all 34 criteria were measured and the main and most important criteria were obtained, among which the criteria for the provision of the territory of space provision related to the new criteria were identified.
Dr Reza Kheyroddin, Mrs S. Fatemeh Hojatzadeh,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Volume 12, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Abstract
The establishment of war museums is a common thing in most countries involved in war. These countries are trying to preserve and transfer these heritages to the next generations by displaying the tools and spaces left over from the war. The main goals of these museums are to commemorate the dead and victims of war, to praise peace and to learn from the evil effects of war. The design of war museums is different according to the attitude towards war, identity and culture of each society. Therefore, one of the goals of this research is to take a new look at the concept and model of the war museum and its artifacts in Iran, considering the way of looking at the Iran-Iraq war (Holy Defense).
Various previous researches show that the influence of religious teachings in the society was not only effective in the formation of the identity of the people present in the war, but also in the actions and attitudes of the visitors. In this regard, an effort has been made to define the new concept of "Regional Axial Museum in Regional Scale" in the light of the potential capacities of the cultural heritage of the society on one hand and the presence of a new type of visitors to war zones (Caravans of Rahian Noor) on the other hand.
In the new definition of the AMRS (Axial Museum in Regional Scale) some concepts of original literature should be used metaphorically to represent the concepts of works and heritage of holy defense, such as excellence, the spirit of sacrifice, and reaching closeness to God, which is quite a difficult and controversial endeavor. To crystallize the idea of the AMRS, a part of the road from Ahvaz region to Arvand in the border of Persian Golf has been selected. Then, by arranging and sequencing the relevant path according to physical spatial features, as well as paying attention to war events related to different parts and nodes located on the path, the spatial values of the path should be represented and displayed for the visitors and groups of pilgrims in Rahian-Noor Caravans.
The stages of representing the relics and events of the Iran-Iraq war era in the studied route are explained with a brief escape to the metaphors of Attar's Seven Climates of Love in different sequences to strengthen the spatial perception of Ahvaz to Arvand Axial Museum on a regional scale.The sequencing of the path related to the study of the Ahvaz-Arvand axis brings the development of the sacred defense museums from the idea phase to the realized phase, which is more original than the conventional and formatted forms of war museums in Iran and the world. The development and completion of this regional pattern in more operational scales such as planning and urban design and architectural scale can be the stages of expansion of this pattern.
Various previous researches show that the influence of religious teachings in the society was not only effective in the formation of the identity of the people present in the war, but also in the actions and attitudes of the visitors. In this regard, an effort has been made to define the new concept of "Regional Axial Museum in Regional Scale" in the light of the potential capacities of the cultural heritage of the society on one hand and the presence of a new type of visitors to war zones (Caravans of Rahian Noor) on the other hand.
In the new definition of the AMRS (Axial Museum in Regional Scale) some concepts of original literature should be used metaphorically to represent the concepts of works and heritage of holy defense, such as excellence, the spirit of sacrifice, and reaching closeness to God, which is quite a difficult and controversial endeavor. To crystallize the idea of the AMRS, a part of the road from Ahvaz region to Arvand in the border of Persian Golf has been selected. Then, by arranging and sequencing the relevant path according to physical spatial features, as well as paying attention to war events related to different parts and nodes located on the path, the spatial values of the path should be represented and displayed for the visitors and groups of pilgrims in Rahian-Noor Caravans.
The stages of representing the relics and events of the Iran-Iraq war era in the studied route are explained with a brief escape to the metaphors of Attar's Seven Climates of Love in different sequences to strengthen the spatial perception of Ahvaz to Arvand Axial Museum on a regional scale.The sequencing of the path related to the study of the Ahvaz-Arvand axis brings the development of the sacred defense museums from the idea phase to the realized phase, which is more original than the conventional and formatted forms of war museums in Iran and the world. The development and completion of this regional pattern in more operational scales such as planning and urban design and architectural scale can be the stages of expansion of this pattern.
Mahsa Norouzi, Mitra Ghafourian, Zahra Barzegar,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Volume 12, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Abstract
The model of housing based on the religion of Islam in order to create a residence and obtain peace for the family depends on responding to their fixed and changing needs. Considering that the housing body is a container in which the family community is formed, the need to adapt the housing to the growth of the family as changing needs and respond to it over time in order to achieve the stability of the family community is important. In the meantime, the "expansibility" can be effective in climate stability in addition to social stability by making adaptations or changes in housing components according to the changing needs of residents. Given the high consumption of fossil fuels, designing and constructing residential buildings compatible with the climate is essential in order to reduce energy consumption. In fact, the use of private courtyards on the floors of residential units, in addition to creating a platform for the development of building walls, helps to provide light to the interior spaces and control the climatic conditions. The aim of the present research is to identify the optimal model of social-climatic expandable housing that is suitable for the growth of the family. In this way, the research question was formed in search of a housing model that, in addition to the expandability of the housing components in the courtyard of the apartment, also provides climate efficiency. This article focuses on the topic of social sustainability in housing by examining the expansion of its components in the courtyard of the apartment and it also addresses the topic of climate sustainability by assessing the amount of radiation received by expansible walls in the courtyard. The use of both qualitative and quantitative methods to identify the social-climatic expandable housing pattern has led, in the first stage, to the presentation of the expandable patterns A, B, and C in the courtyard of a residential apartment. Then, based on quantitative methods with simulations of the patterns in EnergyPlus software, the optimal pattern was identified. As the main result of this research, by comparing the amount of radiation received from the south, east and west in the cold, moderate and hot months of the same direction units, the best units in the SW direction belong to building B, in the NE and NW direction belong to building C, in the SE direction It belongs to A and C buildings.
Naimeh Khodadad, Ahmad Khalili, Ahmad Mirza Kochch Khoshnevis,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Volume 12, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Abstract
Today, new constructions are an unavoidable necessity for sustaining life within historical contexts. the purpose of this research is multifaceted, aiming to raise awareness among researchers in this scientific field, identify thematic gaps to prevent redundant research, and conduct a scientometric analysis of infill development studies. The objective is to uncover primary issues and advancements, assess the apparent performance trends of articles and journals, and discern patterns of collaboration, thereby elucidating the intellectual structure of the scientific field in infill development To accomplish these objectives, the identification and extraction of concepts and influential dimensions regarding the development of interactivity were conducted by utilizing both domestic and foreign documentary and library sources.There are several methods for evaluating and measuring scientific productions and created from the methods used in scientometrics, which are popular for analyzing the structure of knowledge in different fields of science, and examines the relationship between the words used in different parts of the documents. It is scientometric, which in the present research In this current research, co-occurrence, degree centrality, degree myopia, co-authorship, and bibliographic coupling have been analyzed using quantitative methods. The findings derived from drawing and analyzing maps depicting the simultaneous occurrence of two items based on keywords reveal that the terms 'infill development' and 'urban development' exhibit the highest total link strength and frequency of co-occurrences among the investigated items. In the centrality analysis, the keywords 'intermediate development,' 'urban development,' 'urban planning,' and 'land use' demonstrated the highest degree of centrality In the examination of the co-lexical density map of the keywords, the amount of links in the network is high and the flow of information is transferred at a suitable speed. In the analysis of the co-authorship network concerning researchers, Hogue stands out with the most articles, having five articles and fourteen links. Additionally, in the analysis of the bibliographic pair based on journals, 'Journal of Land Use Policy' holds the top position, exhibiting a total strength of 34 and a link count of 13. In the continuation of the research, the obtained results are mentioned.Co-occurrence based on keywords in the network visualization: The high link strength of infill development means that this keyword has been seen more times in an article and the probability of this keyword appearing with other keywords in an article is higher. Urban planning, urban development, land use are other frequent and explanatory keywords in the topic of in fill develop ment.Co-occurrence based on keywords in the Overlay visualization: The color of each item is determined by the average score of the year of publication. The green color indicates that these keywords have become popular in the field of infill development in recent years. Also, the yellow color indicates that these keywords are related to the years after 2018, in other words, they have attracted the attention of researchers in recent years, and they can be used for more research. The items related to the years 2012 and before (purple color) means that the keywords related to these years have been the focus of articles and researchers in the field of infill development in the early years, and nowadays they are less or not even addressed at all.Co-occurrence based on keywords in the Density visualization: Keywords are colored depending on their occurrence, the higher the frequency of a word, the closer it is to yellow, it has a high density and is more important in the network, and the lower the frequency of occurrence of keywords, the closer it is to blue. The scientific map of infill development and urban development have the highest density.Co-authorship by authors in the network visualization: Common relationships between authors will help to understand the existing contributions and identify potential collaborators and improve cooperation between them. In this network, the highest total link related to Hugo has 5 articles and 14 links, and McCary, Panso have the highest total link, respectively.co-occurrence network based on degree centrality: The most influential topics in the field : infill development, development,urban planning,landuse,urban development. Items that have a larger size than other items are more frequent and have more degree centrality and are more powerful.Co-occurrence network based on closeness centrality: The issues of urban growth, infill development, land use planning, which are able to reach other issues with a shorter path and receive information with less intermediaries and faster than others, and generally have more power and influence in the network.Co-occurrence network based on betweenness centrality: the topics:urban sprawl, infill development, urban development have more betweenness centrality, and it is possible to transfer information through these topics and these topics are mediators that transmit information more .Bibliographic coupling based on journals in network visualization: The Journal of land use policy is the most powerful and in the first place with total link 34 and the number of links 13, and the journal of urban planning and development,applied geography,urban studies are placed in the next ranks with the total power of 12, 15 and 31, respectively
Dr Neda Sadat Sahragard Monfared, Dr Seyed Abbas Yazdanfar, Engineer Fatemeh Emami Pour Motlaghian,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Volume 12, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Abstract
Nowadays, the nessecity of urban decade regeneration is one of the most important issues because of their problems and increase of exodus from these areas. Beside that, renovation in these areas is almost profitable and without any supervision. On the other hand, Mixe use development is known as a key factor in smart growth and new urbanism. Considering all these items, the aim of this paper is exploration and assesment of effective components of mixe use that could regenerate urban decade.
The methodology of paper is mixed method (qualitative and quantitative method). At first, in the literature review, the components of mixe use and urban decade regeneration are identified simultaneously with descriptive-analytic method. Then, the systematic structure is drawn for them and the frequencies of these components in the literature review are derivated. After that, the most important effective components of mixe use (and also those that have high frequency) that relates to urban decade regeneration are extracted. In this step, the survey methodology and case study research was done. The researcher-made questionnaire that is formed based upon those extracted components were filled out in Sirous neighborhood in Tehran as a case study.The sample size is 120 persons and is selected via cluster sampling. The datas are analysed by SPSS. The results show that diversity in typology of housing, pedestrianism, vertical or horizontal mixe use are respectively have the most effect on urban decade regeneration in Sirous neighborhood. At the end, the correrational methodology was done. The resulst of that, confirmed the conclusion of discriptive statistics.
Mis Motahareh , Mr Yaghowb Peyvastehgar, Mr Aliakbar Heydari,
Volume 12, Issue 2 (6-2024)
Volume 12, Issue 2 (6-2024)
Abstract
Housing, as a space for settling and living, has always been one of the first spaces that humans have dealt with since the beginning of history, and the characteristics of this building, especially its interior space, are due to the direct connection with humans during long hours of the day. It has been of great importance. Peace is one of the spiritual and psychological needs of every person that must be provided at home, and this issue turns the provision of peace into one of the most important functions of the home.
Providing peace in connection with contemporary houses, whose residents, due to the many problems of urban life, consider the house more than ever as a place for rest and relaxation, is more important, and this is the way to achieve this. The meaning of the house has been investigated less in specialized texts, especially in the field of architecture, Based on this, the current research was conducted with the aim of extracting the factors that create peace in the house and the function of the spatial characteristics of the house in providing these factors in two common models of contemporary houses, including apartment houses and independent houses with a yard, and the way of showing peace in the house. investigated. In this study, the "Structure of Meanings" method was used as a qualitative research approach with the techniques of photography, field observation, questionnaires and semi-structured ladder interviews. The conceptual framework of the research under Rapaport's model of meaning levels (1988) describes the consequences and meanings governing characteristics in the form of "characteristics, overt function and hidden function" propositions.
To ensure that the necessary information was obtained, the concept of theoretical saturation determined the number of samples, interviews and data collection.
Based on the diagram of the value chain structure, the presentation of the concept of relaxation is mainly influenced by the environmental capabilities of "connection with the open space". Other features such as "building age", "kitchen model", "property", "spatial dimensions" and "number of rooms" help to create peace in the house. In addition to providing a structured framework to study the compatibility between creating the concept of relaxation and the spatial characteristics of the house, the research results emphasize the basic values of the residents and the hidden meanings related to these characteristics.
Providing peace in connection with contemporary houses, whose residents, due to the many problems of urban life, consider the house more than ever as a place for rest and relaxation, is more important, and this is the way to achieve this. The meaning of the house has been investigated less in specialized texts, especially in the field of architecture, Based on this, the current research was conducted with the aim of extracting the factors that create peace in the house and the function of the spatial characteristics of the house in providing these factors in two common models of contemporary houses, including apartment houses and independent houses with a yard, and the way of showing peace in the house. investigated. In this study, the "Structure of Meanings" method was used as a qualitative research approach with the techniques of photography, field observation, questionnaires and semi-structured ladder interviews. The conceptual framework of the research under Rapaport's model of meaning levels (1988) describes the consequences and meanings governing characteristics in the form of "characteristics, overt function and hidden function" propositions.
To ensure that the necessary information was obtained, the concept of theoretical saturation determined the number of samples, interviews and data collection.
Based on the diagram of the value chain structure, the presentation of the concept of relaxation is mainly influenced by the environmental capabilities of "connection with the open space". Other features such as "building age", "kitchen model", "property", "spatial dimensions" and "number of rooms" help to create peace in the house. In addition to providing a structured framework to study the compatibility between creating the concept of relaxation and the spatial characteristics of the house, the research results emphasize the basic values of the residents and the hidden meanings related to these characteristics.
| Page 1 from 1 |
Related Websites
Site Keywords
Technology, Science, Islamic Architecture, Researches, Iran University of Science & Technology
Journal of Researches in Islamic Architecture is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Vote
© 2024 CC BY-NC 4.0 | Iran University of Science & Technology
Designed & Developed by : Yektaweb