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The effect of moderation in the architectural space of mosques on the presence of the heart (Case study: selected mosques in Tehran Bazaar)
Doctor Minou Ghareh Baglou, Engineer Yahya Jamali,
Volume 9, Issue 4 (11-2021)
Abstract
Observance of moderation is one of the characteristics of Godchr('39')s creation. If a person claims to be the caliph of God, he should be characterized by divine attributes to the best of his ability, and human constructions, of which architecture is a part, should have this characteristic. In this study, to answer the question of how the relationship between moderation in the architecture of mosques by creating a sense of the presence of the heart in this space, by descriptive-analytical method, in the first step, the concept of Islam of moderation was introduced and intimacy was introduced as a criterion of moderation. How to attain the position of nearness to God was examined. In the next step, by examining the presence of the heart as one of the factors of proximity, a semi-structured interview in this regard, around the three systems that make up the place, namely the physical-spatial system, collective-behavioral system and perceptual-perceptual system, in three selected mosques Mosques of Tehran Bazaar area (Sepahsalar Mosque, Imam Mosque and Tehran Grand Bazaar Mosque). all three mosques had relatively the same conditions in terms of age, location, physical characteristics and community of clients. Then, by analyzing the content of the interviews, a questionnaire was developed for the reliability of the research from the extracted categories and tested in the wider statistical community in the mentioned mosques. Finally, the questionnaires were examined by SPSS 26 software and LISREL and a combination of two-sample T-test and confirmatory factor analysis. The results show that the environment of these mosques, in general, has a favorable effect on the presence of the heart in people, and in the meantime, Physical-spatial characteristics in the environment of the tested mosques, among all environmental systems, have the least positive effect on creating a sense of presence of the heart; The collective-behavioral characteristics are in the second place in this respect and the perceptual-receiving characteristics of the mosques under study have the most positive effect on the presence of heart in individuals. and accordingly, any of the environmental systems can be approached Imagined in moderation. Regarding each of the measures of the structure of environmental systems, the "elements in the space of mosques" under study can be considered as the most effective measure of the physical-spatial system in creating a sense of the presence of the heart; "How people act and how they relate to each other" in the mosques under study is the most effective measure of collective-behavioral system in creating the presence of the heart and "sense of belonging due to familiarity with the building blocks" is the most effective measure of perceptual system The heart is examined in the space of mosques.
Explaining the components of the environment that supports moral behavior from the perspective of Islamic thought
Eng Yahya Jamali, Doctor Minou Ghareh Baglou, Mr Mohammad Jamali,
Volume 11, Issue 4 (11-2023)
Abstract
The environment around people can affect the formation of their behavior. If the environment does not play the desired role, a part of the chain of moral guidance of the individual and consequently the society will be disturbed. The question of this research is about what are the physical characteristics of the environment that supports ethical behavior. The purpose of the research is to provide physical examples for the environment that can provide a suitable platform for moral actions from the perspective of Islamic thought. This research has been done with qualitative approach and analytical descriptive method and using library resources. In order to answer the research question, the nature of behavior and types of ethical behavior were investigated first. Then the influencing factors on behavior were studied, one of which was the surrounding environment. After that, theories related to how the environment affects behavior were discussed. By examining the environment at three perceptual, behavioral, and physical levels, some of the moral orders found in religious sources at two perceptual and behavioral levels, under the title of religious anthropology and religious sociology, were identified and the factors causing disruption in these orders were identified. Finally, relying on the enabling nature of the environment and the theory of The Holistic Sacredness of Space, physical examples related to each of the perceptual and behavioral parts of the environment were presented in public spaces. With the realization of the physical characteristics presented regarding each of the levels of the environment, we can hope that the environment will become a platform for moral affairs.

Explanation of the Relationship Between Single-Courtyard and Double-Courtyard (Inner and Outer) Plans Pattern with the Spatial Organization of Historical Houses
Engineer Zahra Ezzati Koroliya , Doctor Azita Belali Oskui, Engineer Yahya Jamali, Doctor Aref Monadi,
Volume 12, Issue 2 (6-2024)
Abstract
The courtyard has been one of the main spaces in houses, particularly in traditional architecture of Iran, that has played a significant role in the spatial organization of houses. The main question of this research is: What is the relationship between the spatial organization of historical houses with single-courtyard and double-courtyard, and the number of courtyards? The aim of this research is to discover the relationship between the number of courtyards (single-courtyard and double-courtyard) and the spatial organization of historical houses. The required information for this research has been gathered through library resources, documents from the Cultural Heritage Organization, and field observations. The study employs a descriptive-analytical method with a qualitative approach to analyze the case studies. The statistical population consists of (20) single-courtyard and double-courtyard historical houses from the Qajar period in Tabriz. This research was conducted in three stages: In the first stage, the influential factors in the spatial organization of historical houses were introduced. In the second stage, the houses plans were analyzed based on the factors derived from the theoretical framework of the research. In the third stage, the data obtained from the analysis of the samples were compiled and concluded. The study specifically examines the main and selected spaces of the houses, including the entrance, courtyard, Tanabi (main hall), rooms, Iwan (a type of porch), and stairs. Various factors influence the spatial organization of historical houses, and this research focuses on those related to the research topic. One of these factors is the geometry of spatial layout; the study of historical houses architecture often shows that the courtyard is usually a central space, with other spaces and functions arranged around it. Therefore, central and radial layout patterns are more prevalent in studies focused on courtyards. Besides the central and radial layout patterns, the geometric pattern of the spaces around the courtyards, which reflecting the geometric form of the built fronts around the courtyard, is also influential and worth examining in the geometry of spatial layout. Another influential factor in the spatial organization of historical houses is axes. Based on studies, it can be stated that movement axes (internal and external), visual axis, and symmetry axis are the main influential axes in the spatial organization of historical houses. Another factor is hierarchy; in historical houses, hierarchy is more about spatial hierarchy and access hierarchy. According to studies, it can be stated that the elongation of courtyards, the depth of spaces relative to the entrance, and permeability are influential in the spatial and access hierarchy. 
In summary, it can be stated that in single-courtyard and double-courtyard houses, various factors such as the geometry of spatial layout (based on central and radial layout patterns, and the geometric pattern of the spaces around the courtyards), axes (based on internal and external movement axes, visual axis, and symmetry axis), and spatial and access hierarchy (based on elongation of courtyards, depth of spaces relative to the entrance, and permeability) collectively indicate a specific type of spatial organization, related to each of the two mentioned types. The research findings show that although these factors are similar in some cases, they also create differences in the spatial organization of single-courtyard and double-courtyard plans. For instance, the study of the geometry of spatial layout shows differences in the arrangement of spaces relative to the courtyard, differences in massing and the number of built fronts around the courtyard, the degree of introversion relative to the type of courtyard, and etc. The study of axes indicates differences in movement paths and internal spatial relationship, differences in the direction of visual axes, the manner of symmetry observance, and etc. The study of hierarchy shows differences in the division of the house’s areas, differences in the placement of spaces at various depths relative to the entrance based on their function, and etc.

Investigating the Role of Gender Distinctions in the Design of Traditional Houses in Tabriz during the Qajar and Pahlavi Eras
Sahar Hosseinpour, Yahya Jamali, Azita Belali Oskuyi, Shamim Nottagh, Aref Monadi,
Volume 13, Issue 4 (1-2026)
Abstract
Throughout history, due to gender-based distinctions formed within society, differing needs have been defined for men and women. Architecture, as one of the most impressionable aspects of society, has consequently undergone transformation. Attention to gender—as a social and cultural factor influencing the formation of physical environments and their spatial arrangement—is of particular importance. In exploring the relationship between gender and architecture, the concept of gendered spaces emerges, with examples identifiable in traditional Iranian architecture. In this context, cultural, social, and economic factors have generally shaped the conception of gender and space. Among the most significant elements of traditional architecture are residential houses. This study investigates, analyzes, and compares the physical components of a selection of traditional houses located in the historical fabric of Tabriz from the Qajar and Pahlavi periods, focusing on gender distinctions and the influencing factors. To this end, eight houses from the Qajar-era and eight from the Pahlavi-era were selected as case studies. The research aims to answer the following questions: How were gender distinctions manifested in the design of traditional houses in Tabriz during the Qajar and Pahlavi periods? what are the differences between them? And which spatial elements were most affected by gender differentiation? A qualitative analysis was conducted to address these questions. According to the findings, gender distinctions in the architecture of Qajar-era houses were more significantly influenced by cultural, social, and economic factors. In contrast, in Pahlavi-era houses, the impact of these factors on spatial gender segregation was considerably diminished. Ultimately, these homes exhibited an absence of gender-based spatial division and their architecture moved towards extroversion. Among all architectural elements, in Qajar-period houses, the greatest impact of gender distinction was evident in the spatial definition of two separate courtyards: the outer courtyard and the inner courtyard. In Pahlavi-era houses, although gender distinctions were generally reduced across all spatial components, private rooms, bathrooms, and—in some cases—the kitchen remained the elements most influenced by gender considerations.

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