Journal of Researches in Islamic Architecture

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Considering request, need and welfare of children has a long record in West and gets back to 19^th century. The idea of child friendly city was adopted in 1996 to make cities liveable for all and its goal was to put the children on top. This is how countries distant themselves from mere concept and utilize CFC principles today. On the other hand, paying attention to child proper spaces has no long record in Iran. Most children`s spaces are external copies of other countries experiences with no regarding to social and cultural context.The research is decided to compare the way in which a child intercommunicates with city environment from two Islamic(Philosophy, Religion and Gnosticism) and Western perspectives, by deduction in qualitative research, studying Islamic and Western theories toward children and compiling effective environmental factors in child and environment interactions. Comparative study includes similarities and differences in two scales: major (child environments) and minor (environmental factors) both in Western and Islamic documents. In major scale, Islamic instructions focus on the environment as a channel to transfer concepts and religious ethics. In minor scale Islamic instructions emphasize on 4 subjects that can`t be seen in western`s: teaching rituals via playing, limiting girls playing outside, limiting girls playing with boys and preventing children from entering infidelital environments. While CFC of west is summarized in participation, equal right with other citizens, mental and physical health; a proper environment for children in Islamic documents, besides proving children`s rights, relief and health as necessities of child growth, emphasizes on values and norms in functional environment. In addition, it advises that a child ought to grow in a place which her temperament does not get hurt to come to relative perfection. Here, an Islamic-Iranian model named “child preceptor city” takes form. 
The research in theoretical part, using the analytical-descriptive method, has presented a theoretical framework. In the first stage (study of relevant texts and identification of the defining components of research), a comparative method has been used. The methods of collecting information and the subject history in this research, in addition to documentary and library studies, will also include field studies that are used to compile the subject literature review and to find the thematic framework. At this stage, by expressing the perceptual concept, the architectural porosity elements as well as the study of its theories, criteria, rules and components are explained. In the second stage, using the criteria and components obtained in the previous one, the classification of porosity elements, the selection of criteria and the facades' porosity effective variables, as well as structured questionnaires to find the relationship between these variables and their impact on each other and the amount of facades' porosity a quantitative method for obtaining it will be presented. In the third stage and in the case study section, the theoretical framework and the porosity assessment method are carried out in relation to the 30 facades of historical houses of Tabriz city and the research data are analyzed based on descriptive statistics.
Based on the findings of the research, the facades have a special feature called porosity number that is unique to it. The structure of the forming elements and the porosity changes of the facades also follow a particular pattern. The research also shows that the main trait of porosity is openness which the space is inside it. Air circulation, light and the connection of internal and external spaces are the major physical achievements of porosity and its spiritual achievement is the space and the raised meaning in architecture. Empty, in spite of the lack of material has an equal value, and sometimes more than full, and how it is created and placed not only increases the physical and spatial quality but also can have an impact in evaluations. Porosity is one of the basic visual qualities, which over time has found a more significant role in the facade. Porosity has a hidden and mysterious pattern that can be the result of aesthetic feedback from architects, observers/residents, and environmental conditions of the region. A certain evident percentage of porosity and a Specific pattern and alignment of porous space arrangement in this study indicate that, at least in Tabriz's environmental conditions, a specific pattern of porosity is a part of the aesthetic preferences of the architects and the residential-historical architectural users of Tabriz city. This pattern and alignment can at least be considered by contemporary architects in this cultural-climatic area as an aesthetic factor. Of course, the generalization of these features to other cities in Iran and beyond requires more and wider research.

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Planning is one of the basic tools to achieve optimal living conditions. In the meantime, negotiation is one of the most important approaches in the new planning systems, which has a special place in the current era of urban planning and governance. Negotiation planning or in other words discourse is one of the new methods in urban studies that is widely used, especially in advanced democratic societies. Jane Hillier, as the author of this theory, has used the theories of thinkers such as Habermas and Foucault to explain the principles of this theory. In the Islamic perspective, consultation and negotiation have a sublime and special place. In the verses of the Qur'an and the school of religious leaders, the role of consultation has been very important and people and their views on various social, governmental and other issues have had a great place. This research seeks to study the theoretical roots of the negotiation planning approach and extract its intellectual processes to study its structure and finally the characteristics and principles of this type of planning from the perspective of teaching. To study Islamic theories and theories of contemporary Islamic thinkers on the subject of government and religious democracy and democracy. According to the overlapping topics in this case study, from the method of document analysis and content analysis and logical reasoning, as well as qualitative and descriptive methods and conducting interviews with experts (interviews with 14 academic experts in the fields of urban planning and sociology, as well as Field professors) has been used to express the research results. Finally, by comparatively comparing the principles and rules of this type of planning with the criteria of Islamic urban planning and the principles and rules of democracy and the council from an Islamic perspective, the strengths and weaknesses of this type of planning are examined and stated in the planning approach. Negotiation relies solely on the views and opinions of the people and has nothing to do with religious norms. Therefore, it seems that this approach can be effective only in those parts of urban management that have people-centered plans. On the other hand, the approach of religious democracy is more focused on religious values ​​and the opinion of the people is of secondary importance. On the one hand, this issue makes sure that the plans and programs are based on religion and Sharia, but on the other hand, it has nothing to do with humanist and humanistic plans. Therefore, it can be said that if in urban studies, it is based only on the opinions of the people, its competence can not be confirmed from the perspective of religion, but if in the management of urban issues, the opinion of the people along with religious and jurisprudential principles and rules and based Formed, they can help run a city and an Islamic community.

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In the present study, in order to explain the desirability of the soundscapes of the Timchehs of Tabriz Bazaar, Sound Pressure Level (SPL) and Reverberation Time (RT) have been measured as objective variables of acoustic behavior. Using descriptive questionnaire, subjective assessments were used to determine the quality of soundscape. The research seeks to answer the question of how the spatial characteristics of Tabriz Bazaar Timchehs affect their acoustic behavior and what factors are involved in the desirability of their soundscapes. Findings show that small-scale domes act as cavities with the retention of sound waves and have a good effect in reducing RT. Glass surfaces with sound reflection increase the echo of the environment and reduce the acoustic quality of the space. The materials used in Timcheh wall, brick with gypsum bonding, by diffusing sound waves play a positive role in acoustic quality. The results show that although the values of SPL and RT, which indicate the acoustical behavior of space, are somehow involved in the perception of people from the soundscape, but alone cannot be the basis for assessing the quality of the soundscape. The environmental characteristics and qualities of the spaces such as geometric proportions, dynamics or statics and the amount of congestion have a direct effect on the pleasantness of the urban soundscape in three Timches of Amir-e Shomali, Amir and Mozaffarieh. These three timches are part of tranquil spaces, and for this reason, the sudden appearance of some sounds, due to the difference in SPL, directly has a negative effect on the quality of the soundscape. Therefore, it is suggested that a component called Urban Soundscape Clarity be added to the studies in this field and be considered in the evaluation of soundscapes of tranquil urban spaces