Journal of Researches in Islamic Architecture

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According to the lifestyle, house can be the ground for extensive activities based on employment, cultural, social opportunities for residents. In accordance with needs and activities of human as a space user, Historical houses are built associated with the natural environment. Recognition and protection of values Respect national identity, and Understanding their performance and social role is a basis for understanding and explaining the management system of protecting these valuable elements inhistorical context of Isfahan. Life in some Historical houses is associated with the owner occupation; thus, a space is predicted for working at home. Working pattern at home creates spaces for the profession of the owner, and in some cases, makes some of the spaces multi-functional. Such houses can be classified as historic house workshops. In addition, some historic houses were Occupied by people who were too influential in the social-political conditions of their era; and some of the Important events have been occurred in these house. Despite having historical and architectural value, these Houses can be categorized as an example of the houses of celebrities In Isfahan.
Thisstudy Aims to find out the reason of the House workshop s’ architectural style in the historical context of Isfahan and analyze the space and organization of house workshops in order to understand the presence of work space in the main body of the building. The main objectives to answer the key question will be as follows: Analyzing the residential architecture stance in cultural, political, social and economic evolution in Safavid and Qajar eras in Isfahan so that we can understand the typology of historical houses in this city based on the performance and provide a comprehensive category for the historical houses with performance beyond the housing. This is a descriptive-analytical study develope and usie field observation, literature review and gathered information through interviews with a number of residents of historical houses in Isfahan. The findings were analyzed by a qualitative method through comparing and interpreting.
Based on the methodology, first, the economic and social conditions of Isfahan in Qajar and Safavid periods were briefly expressed. Then, considering the various functions of houses due to prevailing economic and social conditions at that time, the spaces in the body of the house with multiple functions or specific function beyond the space in residential architecture of these historical periods in Isfahan were analyzed; based on specific objectives and questions of the research, historical houses with multiple functions in Isfahan were classified,These houses weredivided into two general categories: 1. Houses that are influenced by other functions and have changes in the form and space; 2. Houses that are not affected by other functions; and no changes have been occurred in the form and body of the house. Then, trying to identify the cause of the multiple roles in the function of houses, the study achieved another category in which the multi-functional historical houses of Isfahan are divided into two classes of celebrities’ houses and workshop houses. Based on the owner’s professional field, celebrities’ houses are categorized into three categories of: houses of cultural celebrities, political celebrities, and economic celebrities. Workshop house is also divided into two categories based on the type of owner’s occupation: 1. Workshop houses that produce certain products; 2. Non-manufacturing workshop houses where the owner’s enforcement activities in various fields (educational, administrative, etc.) can be done at home.
Previously, Zahiri (2014) in his book entitled as «We came, you were not home», based on field studies, examined the place of some of celebrities’ houses in Tehran such as the houses of Badi›ozaman Foruzanfar, AbdulHossein Zarrinkoub, Saeed Nafisi, Mohammad Moein, Sadegh Hedayat, Simin Daneshvar, Nima Youshij, Ahmad, Mehdi Akhavan Sales, Houshang Ebtehaj, Malek al-Sho’ara Bahar, Hussein Monzavi, Sohrab Sepehri, Mohammad Mossadegh, Mehrdad Avesta, etc. In the introduction Of the book, He (or she) says that: “Among these 44 houses, about 40 percent are historically registered and are away from being destroyed by days to some extent. Among the registered ones, 22 percent have Converted to museums, 58 percent of celebrities’ inheritors have sold the legacy of their father or spouse. In addition, among houses which are not registeredas historical buildings, more than 65 percent are destroyed, and there is nothing left but their obscure names»(Zahiri, 2014). The results of this field study indicate the adverse security conditions of this kind of historical houses in the country. Due to having a function beyond housing in the historical contexts, by planning and performing renovation projects, these houses can become economic and cultural institutions in the historical contexts like before. So far, no typology and renovation management system determination of the house workshops and celebrities’ houses have been conducted in the historical context of Isfahan. This research demonstrates that we can present a classification and typology based on specific function in the historical houses with roles beyond housing. Also, we can determine the impact of the relationship between work space and house in the form and structure of the building. Also, in this discussion, through the knowledge gained from the ultra-residential function and intangible values of the relationship between work space and house, we can provide a pattern to explain the renovation projects based on space and spirit revival.

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Isfahan Residential Architecture has provided valuable samples of art and architecture throughout history. House is one of the most important forms of social organizing of space that have been influenced by many factors, such as many man-made collections, in creating them. Historical settlements of Isfahan have extensive identities in the Physical Organisation. In fact, the historic houses of Isfahan are a unique collection of domestic Architecture, that in its Physical Organisation, in spite of its wide-ranging similarities, rare and sometimes unique features are also found. Often, these features of the Physical organization in general and emphasis on similarity have been formulated in the form of categories as typology with historical and formal approaches. Meanwhile, today, many historical houses in the city of Isfahan, regardless of the identification of the aspects of original diversity in the body, their function and content are forgotten and destroyed, and some human activities have been caused to considerable destruction in the aspects of diversity of historical settlements of Isfahan city. While diversity creation in the physical housing system has been an important factor in consolidating social relationships between house residents and the neighborhood residents. Recognizing and preserving the diversity effects of cultural heritage, will lead to cultural continuity in historical contexts. Considering the major policies of Iran, the revitalization and revitalization of cultural heritage, including historical buildings, despite recognizing the similarities aspect in the structure of the housing heritage of different historical periods, explaining the diversity of features and the significant differences between these houses in the restoration and regeneration plans will play an effective role. Also, identifying the diversity of residential heritage can explain the foundations of creativity in historic sites and provide a stimulus to the conservation and modernization of historical contexts and answer some of the officials and planners of the historic city of Isfahan that why it should be protect about 300 historical homes in Isfahan city? In fact, with regard to macro policies, after identifying diversifying aspects, we can provide categorization and explanation of the valuable components of these homes at three levels of body, function, and meaning. This categorization will be the basis for the development of residential heritage conservation planning. Thus, according to the components defined in the classification and codification system of them, the priorities of conservation in urban planning are determined. Often, the nature of theories and theoretical foundations of conservation, in spite of having general principles and perspectives, and in some global cases, can be defined for each building by the requirements of physical, functional and content characteristics. Recognition based on the differentiation aspects of effect, due to the various aspects, and sometimes rare and unique aspects of a building, will play a significant role in achieving the desired regeneration plan. This research attempts to answer the question of how to create diverse elements and distinctions in the physical organization of the architecture of historical buildings of Isfahan and explain the diversity of the indicator in order to understand the differences and differences in the physical organization of Isfahan's housing heritage. The main goal in answering the key question is to analyze the variability of the factors to distinguish the differences in the historic houses of this city in the physical organization and a comprehensive classification for historic homes with diverse indicator. This study has been conducted using descriptive-analytical method with the aim of developmental and using field observation, library studies and also data collection through interview and the findings have been analyzed according to qualitative method and through comparison and interpretation. Based on the research methodology, firstly, the diversity of residential heritage has been recognized, and then, considering the status of the system of classification of historical houses in the conservation process, we have analyzed the shortcomings and deficiencies of existing classification systems. Also, based on the specific question and purpose of the research, the diversity factors in the Isfahan Residential Heritage are distinguished by four factors of climate, religion, social status and owner's occupation, and ethnic subcultures of analysis and the obvious examples of diversity under each of the influential factors have been recognized. Previously, Ghasemi Sichani and Memarian have typified Qajar houses in Isfahan. In the article of "historical houses beyond housing implications in historical context of Isfahan", the suburban functions in the historic houses of Isfahan have also been analyzed. But until now, explaining the diversity aspects and distinctions in the Isfahan residential heritage has not been investigated, which is the innovation of this research. The result of the research shows that the influential factors of climate, religion, social status of the owner and ethnic subcultures in the Physical organization of residential heritage has been led to the creation of diverse and distinct aspects. Based on this, under the influential factor of climate, varieties of diverse species such as homespun houses, dwelling houses and houses with a garden pit pattern were identified. Under the influence of religion, Jewish homes with less space and altitude than Muslim homes, the houses of Armenians and the Muslim-backed houses with remarkable differences with other homes were also identified. In fact, the presence of religious minorities and the presence of certain neighborhoods in the past, the Armenian community (Jolfa), the ghetto (Zhobreh or Judaea), the Zoroastrian neighborhood (Gabrabad or Kuleparcheh), has been the main cause of the creation of physical distinctions in the historic houses of Isfahan Occupation and social status of the owner are other factors influencing the occurrence of diversity in Isfahan's residential heritage, which can be recognized in such areas as house-school, house-castle, master's houses and house-workshops in this area. Ethnic subcultures have also created a diverse and distinct structure in Isfahan's physical housing system, which can be found in Armenian homes, Bakhtiari tribal houses (Kurdish houses) and European homes in Isfahan.

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Since urban spaces are the focal point of the inhabitants of the earth, they can be considered the most appropriate area of manifestation of human culture, social communication and the history of nations, but today what is happening in Iranian cities is a departure from the rich cultural and ancient values of the inhabitants of this land and by a deeper look "reversal of the art of the times". There is no doubt that cityscape design has been very influential in the formation of cities. This urban component and its symbols reflect the character, function and culture of the city's inhabitants, and therefore the spiritual effects of the city are worthy of credit. This cityscape has not had a single concept in different literary, artistic, mystical and urbanization yet and its position in the field of urbanization is still unclear. One of the most important foundations of religious art is the consideration of meaning behind the face and appearance in such a way that the discovery of any meaning for man is in the form in which the meaning of it is manifested. Mysticism also places two dimensions of appearance and interior for each reality, and believes that the survival of meaning is not possible except through the form and what the mind can understand is a meaning that appears in the order of a form. But the issue that has been addressed in this study is whether this form and appearance are the same as the cityscape in urbanization? This research attempts to recreate this notion of architectural descriptive-analytical method by comparing different theories in various literary, mystical and urban areas in order to clarify the paradox in the concept of cityscape. In Persian, the word "image" means a face, a face or a state in the form of a human being that represents internal states, which is the same as the one used in the field of mysticism, and ultimately, the form and the meaning in the unity that is the face of the same meaning and The meaning is the same, but in the area of urbanization, various and contradictory interpretations of the term image have been brought about, which is far removed from the general meaning of cityscape; so that for some urban planners, cityscape is the subjective aspect of Urban Landscape , and everything that one perceives after viewing the perspective, cityscape knows, but some others introduce cityscape to the same face and appearance of City. According to the data of this research in the field of the concept of the word image in various literary, artistic, mystical and urban areas, it seems that the word Image has not been correctly equated in the field of urbanization. Regarding the purpose of this study, the insight of this contradiction of the concept of image in various fields of study, it can be concluded that in the field of urbanization, as in the literary and mystical areas, the concept of the word cityscape should be the same face and appearance of the city and the term cityscape And nature as the equivalent and perhaps new replacement for the urban landscape that is being used today in urban planning with a different conception. This phrase also expresses the face and the face of the city, and it mirrors the meaning of the appearance.