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Conceptual Typology of Synagogues, Churches and Mosques during Safavid Era based on Sacred Attributes of Incomparability, Similarity, Beauty and Glory
Mehdi Hamzenejad, Sanaz Rahravi Poodeh,
Volume 4, Issue 2 (9-2016)
Abstract

Places of worship, as symbolic spaces, have played a key role in all religions. In this respect, they differ from other buildings with different functions. However, the presence of places of worship belonging to different religions in the same city or town has been based on identity differentiations. Given the rapidly growing virtual communications in today›s world, it has become even more important to pay serious attention to identity differentiations concerning places of worship. The present study aimed to make a typology of Synagogues, Churches and Mosques in Isfahan- Persian capital during Safavid era. The implication of a comparative comparison among the mentioned places of worship, in terms of symbolic and spiritual concepts, can help contemporary architects and designers to build such buildings. Therefore, the symbolic differentiations, especially those concerning mosques, can be taken into consideration to design and build mosques. The main questions of this study include: what are the identity differentiations among the synagogues, churches and mosques? And, to what extent such differentiations are rooted in spiritual foundations of each religion? The hypothesis of this study is that different readings of Sacred Attributes are reflected in different physical characteristics of different places of worship. Here, considering four scared concepts, that is, attributes of similarity, attributes of incomparability, attributes of beauty and attributes of glory, the built places of worship in Isfahan were studied under three distinct types: similarity-beauty; incomparability-glory and similarity-beauty/ incomparability-glory. Then, keeping the mentioned sacred concepts in mind, the physical characteristics of the built places of worship were examined. Data were gathered based on library sources and attributional studies and then were analyzed comparatively. The criteria applied were examined through a comparative approach among the worship places. Similarly, the results were obtained based on an analytic reasoning. Also, the normative architectural hypothesis of the worship places aimed to prove its validity based on logical reasoning in order to reach a kind of semiotic typology for the Abrahamic worship places. In this respect, the worship places should be chosen synchronically. The most justifiable historical era for the present study seemed to be Safavid era in which minor religions had the privilege of relative freedom. With this aim in view, the most typical cases of each religious worship place were identified. For example, Mushe Haya Synagogue built in Safavid era is a noteworthy case. Major parts of the synagogue have been damaged and only the room of inscriptions, dating back to Safavid era, has survived. The damaged parts were restored in Qajar era. Another synagogue which could provide the researchers with characteristics challenging the proposed hypothesis was Mulah Neisan synagogue. It dates back to about 100 years ago. The Shah Mosque also known as Imam Mosque or Jaame Abbasi Mosque was another case intended for the study. Situated at the southern side of Naqsh-e-Jahan Square, was built between the years 1598 and 1629 under Shah Abbas. Construction of the mosque started in the 24th year of coronation and decorations and additions were completed during the Shah successors. By constructing the mosque, Shah Abbas intended to pay tribute to his grandfather. Vank Cathedral was constructed under Shah Abbas II in Julfa neighborhood, Isfahan. The Cathedral has functioned as a place to hold religious ceremonies, to instruct the priests and to communicate with other Armenians worldwide. The results indicated that churches were among the Similarity-beauty-based type which convey a strong sense of symbolism, intimacy and invitation. Also, in churches natural representations are highly respected, large-scale proportions are applied, high-quality materials are used and spatial variety and movement hierarchy are taken into consideration. A prime example of this is Vank Cathedral. Synagogues, in contrast, enjoy the incomparability-glory attribute. They covey the minimum sense of symbolism and natural representations are reflected only very softly. Proportions are realistic and no costly materials have been used. Spatial variety is also at minimum. Moshe Haya synagogue is a good example. Mosques, in terms of characteristics mentioned stand in-between and are, in fact, similarity-beauty/ incomparability-glory in character. Abbasi Gathering Mosque (masjid-e-Jame Abbasi) is the best example for this. In conclusion, it may be said that synagogues have the lowest inclination to luxury. In contrast, churches have the highest inclination to luxury. Also, worship places in Abrahamic religions have passed through a incomparability-to-beauty process. The best example of this can be seen in Mushe Haya and Mulah Neisan synagogues. Although the latter is more luxurious than the former, they are both less luxurious than Vank Cathedral and Jaame› Abbasi Mosque.


Explaining the effective factors on the sense of belonging to the place and evaluating the indicators of social stability in the historical context (Case study: Joybareh neighborhood of Isfahan)
Sanaz Rahravi Poodeh, Bahareh Tadayon,
Volume 10, Issue 3 (3-2022)
Abstract
Social sustainability is one of the controversial issues which has far-reaching implications for the realms of architecture and urban design. In this respect, Joubareh Neighborhood in Isfahan, considered as the oldest historical location of the city, is of considerable importance. Despite the various values of this neighborhood, its historical texture has been deteriorating in recent years. Accordingly, recognition and setting a set of social sustainability indices may play a major role in conserving the historical values of this neighborhood. Since Joubareh is being depleted of its native residents replaced by non-native ones, the utmost endeavor must be made in order to conserve the historical values of this neighborhood encouraging the native residents to stay. This research aimed to identify those social sustainability indices in this neighborhood in order to encourage the native residents, who have a strong sense of belonging towards their neighborhood, to stay so that the deteriorating trend can be reversed. Joubareh is in fact the oldest location of the city and in the vicinity of which are there several significant monuments, like Atigh Gathering Mosque. So far, extensive research has been conducted on social sustainability in the housing sector. Concerning historical textures, similar research has been done only scantily. Which social sustainability indices in the historical texture of Joubareh must be applied? How do these factors and variables interact with each other? The methodology is quantitative and the data were gathered by surveying. Questionnaires were distributed and analyzed in two stages. In order to analyze data, SPSS Software was used and the One-sample test and the Friedman test were used to assess and prioritize the variables. In the first questionnaire, the sense of belonging of the residents in Joubareh was studied in terms of gender, occupation, and age of the respondents. The sense of belonging among the tradesmen was stronger than that of the women and of other occupations. Similarly, in terms of age, the elderly showed a stronger sense of belonging than that of others. Generally, the aged male shopkeepers and the aged housewives had a stronger sense of belonging than that of others.
Also, in the second questionnaire designed based on the needs of the aged housewives and the aged male shopkeepers, certain factors were taken into account for social indices such as the living quality index (respecting the individuals' privacy and peace), the quality of open spaces in the neighborhood, caring the historical features and revitalizing the lost identity and the quality of social interactions among the neighborhood's residents. The results indicated that the dimension of social interactions is significantly correlated with living quality as well as the quality of open spaces. By the same token, the dimension of social interactions is significantly correlated with the quality of open spaces in the historical textures. Likewise, the quality of open spaces and the dimension of historical textures are significantly correlated. In addition, the quality of open spaces is significantly related to historical texture. Finally, there is not a significant relationship between social interactions and historical textures. To the residents of Joubareh neighborhood, who feel a sense of belonging towards the neighborhood, the social sustainability indices, in terms of priority, include the living quality, the quality of open spaces, historical texture, and finally, social interactions. In brief, the results indicated that the residents of Joubareh neighborhood, including the elderly, both housewives, and the aged male shopkeepers, have a strong sense of belonging towards their neighborhood. The social sustainability indices for the residents were, in terms of priority, the living quality, the quality of open spaces, historical texture, and finally, social interactions.

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