Journal of Researches in Islamic Architecture

---

There were the glorious examples of the architecture of mosque once in Iran.They were the places for equality between all classes, so they must have qualities for invitation, guidance, and reminder and call the believers and attract other followers of religions as the missionary of Islam. This invitation is not only in the field of vision, but also in terms of audio and other means, such as multi-functionality, centrality, and location of deployment. This architecture was considered to be the main factor in identifying the complexes of Muslims due to its comprehensiveness, importance, severalty and high status in the past times, But today it has lost its inviting role because of structural changes. In contemporary times, as well as the changes in the structure of the city, due to the changing needs and functions of the mosques, as well as the distinction with dimensions and their location in the urban structure and economic constraints, the goals and characteristics of the mosques were also forgotten; So that today all the social groups have reacted from citizens and worshipers to architects and urban designers.
Paying attention to the Invitation role of the mosques forms the central idea of the present paper. It is one of the pillars of urban design and planning in contemporary city centers and neighborhoods. All aspects of the invitation in the body, function and meaning are important in this research. The present paper addresses this question: How can we use the physical, functional and semantic components of the mosques to enhance the quality of the invitation on the urban and local scale, the entrance view, as well as the interior space of the building. This paper is looking for the optimal design process. In this regard, using the content analysis methodology, we are going to refresh the actions and theories in the field of related topics. We are presented a desirable process to promote the quality of the invitation of contemporary mosques by achieving a conceptual and applied framework. We elaborate the subject by selecting 8 examples of contemporary Tehran mosques. We analyses the elements affecting the general form of the building, the external walls, the design and the entrance and the interior space of the mosques by referring to library resources and field observations. The results of the analysis show that an ideal set of physical factors to semantic components affects mosque admission that has a significant effect on the enhancement of the presence of the individual and the community. These results categorizes and describes in terms of criteria of visibility and centrality in urban scale, admission and guidance in middle-level scale, meaningfulness and visual memory in the outer walls and the entrance perspective, convergence and spatial regulation in the interior space of the mosques.

---

Problem statement: The concept of resilience has long been published to explain how different types of systems respond to unexpected shocks, and research on resilience of environments to abnormal hazards has just begun, requiring extensive reflection and consideration. Spatial resilience thinking is as one of the new dimensions in the field of resilience and architecture. This dimension seeks to address the issue of the vitality and dynamics of the architectural space by preserving identity and function through attention to specific characteristics and capabilities of the space over time versus gradual and slow disturbances. resilient space as the appropriate context for possiblity continued vitality provides dynamic while maintaining performance; It shows little vulnerability in the face of crises over time by the spatial capabilities, and responds to changing conditions through adaptation to the needs and demands of the society, and satisfies spatial users' satisfaction with different tastes and guarantees and sustains the vital system of space. But most of the newly constructed spaces are vulnerable to crises and lose their efficiency quickly and the users of space leave and vacate; Therefore, the historical bazaars of Iran, as one of the valuable spaces that have continued to operate despite changes in different periods and have been able to meet and provide the suitable body for the needs of the day, are remarkable. Therefore, to resolve part of this epistemic vacuum, the present study focuses on the limited domain of the Amir complex in the historical bazzar of Tabriz, considering its position and role in the life of the Bazzar Tabriz has paid off to the rooting of the resilience of this space and examining its spatial capabilities. So this research seeks to answer the question of how resilience has been achieved in the historical space of Iranian bazaars? And how has the resilience of the Amir complex in the historical bazzar of Tabriz come about in light of the changes in recent years?
 

---

How to distribute the urban space fairly, in a way that, in addition to protecting the rights of private owners, also respects the rights of the people of the city, is one of the most fundamental issues in the field of architecture and urban planning. Addressing this issue is delayed by accurately understanding the nature of the city space, and calculating the rights involved; In the present article, an attempt was made to address it based on the teachings of legal jurisprudence. According to the results of this research, contrary to Article 38 of the Civil Code of Iran and the opinion of some early jurists, the city space is divided into three main parts based on the ownership of its lower land: "a. The public space of the city, which consists of two parts: space on public thoroughfares and space on private property, beyond the usual height limit. B. Private space, space adjacent to private property, below the standard height, which is located behind the common space. J. "Shared space, space bordering private property, below the usual height, which is adjacent to public spaces in the city. The first type of these spaces is among the public property and is an example of public commonalities and, of course, in public ownership. The second type is private property and privately owned land under it, and people have a easementright to it. And the third type of this space is among the peripheral property that people have the right to share. This perception of the nature of urban space can be effective in re-reading urban laws and, consequently, the realization of citizens' rights.

---

Aesthetic chills have been hinted in the writings of some scholars for about two centuries, as a response which occurs through the five senses and it is accompanied by physical sensations, although not more than four decades have passed since the first scientific studies. This reaction is associated with the experience of goose bump and shiver in the spine and shoulders, or a tingle in the scalp and often occurs in the face of a beautiful stimulus and art, specially music, but scientific discoveries, religious practices and in general, anything related to the basic human need for cognition can also cause it. The experiment of understanding architectural space, which is a multisensory perception and experienced equally by eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin and flesh, can be perceived by this form of aesthetic reaction. With a focus on religious architecture as a building where aesthetic stimuli are abundant and beside that, it is a place for religious practices, and the shrine of Imam Reza as one of the most important religious buildings in Iran, present research pursues the impact of architectural space on the aesthetic chills response. The architectural space of the shrine has a psychological effect on the viewer by using materials such as marble and gold, which reflect the light the most, as well as various aesthetic forms. Marble is also associated with the acoustic properties of the environment due to the reverberating sound, which greatly affects the sense of hearing in aesthetic perception. The study has been done by descriptive-analytical method and based on field survey through a questionnaire which is part of a larger research that in addition to the impact of architectural space qualities, has analyzed the relationship between personality traits and religiosity with aesthetic chills experience. The aim of the study is to identify spaces and actions that, as an independent variable, affect human emotions as a dependent variable and cause the chills response. Considering the architectural structure as a space its perception is beyond sight and related to various senses and measuring the aesthetic chills response, the test results of 307 participants in this study show that some spatial structures such as the tomb have the most impact on occurring chills via the sense of touch. Also, sounds such as the sound of the call to prayer and the naqareh are effective in the next stage through the sense of hearing. Findings show that in addition to architectural space and elements, spiritual feeling also has an impact on creating shiver, which can be a significant point in the construction of religious buildings with spaces and forms that strengthen the person’s sense of belonging to the building.

---

Mosque as a social worship center for continued dynamic life requires strong communication with the context achieved through the physical and natural human connection to the external environment. Appropriate communication between the building and the context of its formation is the most important thing in architecture .The role of between spaces in creating or making connection and detachment is important mentally and objectively to determine the quality of this relationship. Depending on the scale of the elements the quality of between spaces and their nature also varies in different conditions .The between spaces that make the connection between mosque and the outside environment various from functional structural and semantic in terms of historical development location and urban communication and it can be examined in terms of Islamic wisdom. Scale also plays an important role in these studies that can be from the macro scale (relationship of mosque with city) Midscale (the relationship between elements and spaces) and micro scale (elements of mosque) will vary.
This project examines the quality of between spaces and external environment at midscale and space that visitors to the mosque experience when they are crossing the street and entering the mosque. Analyzing this link to the entrance of the mosque is restricted from the outside to entrance of seraglio. It is assumed that the outward path is in the preparation of the prayer that has an important role to get a sense of spirit of approaching the mosque. Depending on the design, sometimes this rout is formed indoors and sometimes outdoor and semi outdoor. The main question is that how functional and semantic features represent this path in modern or traditional structures. How this relationship can be explained in terms of its functional structure and its effect on the implicit meaning. The characterization of between spaces is intended as a functional tool to create the desired link between mosque and outer urban environment. Thus, the purpose of the research is to explain this relationship to improve the status of existing mosques and to improve design of future mosques. The research method is logical reasoning. It is analyzed the feature of between spaces passing through the inside of mosque from three dimensions  structural functional and semantic in twelve specimen that selected from mosque in regional mosques in Tehran in a range from traditional to modern is analyzed. After examining the structural and functional features of graft inside and outside of the mosque its implications are analyzed and they are using the semantic differentiation technique .The method of semantic differentiation for expressing someone s feelings about space and it is used with bipolar adjectives .These traits were selected according to the purpose of study to express the meanings associated with outer space of the mosque to the entrance to seraglio. Research model that developed by introducing key elements  emphasize on balancing functional and semantic structural dimensions in the formation of outside and inside the mosque .By examining the semantic differentiation graph that is divided in two group of mosques  that have modern and traditional design , It can be said that the entrance space in modern mosques by enhancing traits such as  cheer excitement and self-esteem  rather than creating spiritual and practical communication  between the inside and outside  only exemplifies a stronger physical appearance .
The findings show that in the design of most contemporary mosques instead of updating the spiritual foundations that embedded in traditional patterns, the social worship function of the mosque has been reduced to the function of day. These results in the order and hierarchy of the spatial layers that bonded outside and inside the mosque. Traditional patterns are more successful in most aspects than modern ones. Most contemporary mosques rather than being a focal point for responding to people ,s  spiritual needs  are likely more at the service of side functions such as formal ceremonies .In this regard sometimes the entrance to separate halls for ceremonies is more important than hierarchy of entry and approach to spiritual function of the mosques worship. In other words in different social platforms of design innovation should not be undermine functional structural principles and implications of entering the worship space of the mosque. Rather they must have a deep and accurate understanding of meaning and concept and perform functions tailored to the needs of day in hierarchy of functions .In new structures the formation of between spaces and inside the mosque can be balanced by design arrangement .These layers of space begin from outer space and counter of the mosque and by passing through the entrance space with appropriate elements reach to the entrance layer of seraglio. Thus with respect to the spatial concepts appropriate to the spatial layers, there is a possibility of diversity   and innovation in designing the entrance to the mosque. It should be done by using green and flooring areas in harmony with the spiritual uses of the mosque and it should provide the perfect backdrop for pauses and movement in everyday   use and various events. Although in modernizing marginal functions or elements that combine with mosques .The main function should not be affected but the existence of consonant functions reinforces the role of mosque s as a center of social cultural activity. Thus new designs can follow the evolution of time and can be on the path to excellence and evolution of meaning embedded in rich architecture of Iranian mosques.

---

The history of Islam in China began when the first ambassador of Islamic caliphate in 654 AD, gained the court of the Chinese emperor. After that Islam has been spread throughout there during a century. In this study, authors try to study about how architectural elements and spatial forms are effected from Islam or Buddhist-Chinese tradition. Then, at the first it must be clear that which symbol are predominant in architectural culture of china. After that with a comparative study with Islamic symbol and spatial arrangement it may be understand the Chinese mosque concept instead of west Asia traditional design, especially with Irano-islamic architecture. Chinese symbols and meanings revolve around good fortune, and positive elements that are inspired of Buddhism, Confucius and taoism. It is the Chinese belief that by filling their lives with lucky objects and images, they increase prosperity and happy circumstances, making their existence joyful and fulfilling. Symbols and signs have graced their architecture, language, artwork, and everyday objects for centuries. In Chinese decorative arts pictured flowers, fruits, and trees are representations for various aspects of life. Knowing the symbolic meaning of a plant enables you to understand the hidden message. Color in Chinese culture refers to the certain values that Chinese culture attaches to colors, like which colors are considered auspicious or inauspicious Most Chinese decorative art are based on its symbolic values. These symbols could be understood and interpreted and only when we do that the true meaning of the objects reveals itself. The purpose of this study is to find the genealogy of symbol between china and Islam semiotic studies. The authors discuss on symbolism in Chinese architecture and then the extent to which these symbols are used in the architecture of mosques in different parts of the country. This research is based on reviewing some mosques in china. Content analysis based on library documents and resources. Finally, the results of this research show that since the arrival of Muslims and the increasing interactions between Chinese with Muslim, monuments of temples and houses The Chinese were used as mosques, which did not include any elements of the architecture of the Islamic Mosque. With the overtime, the primary period of Islamic architecture, these mosques seem to have some Islamic symbol by adding elements such as domes, minarets and arches. Still, in these buildings, Buddhist symbols were seen. In the fourth period of the Islamic architecture of China, similar colors and elements, such as domes, arches, minarets, and nicks, were used in other mosques of the Muslim world in these mosques. Of course, in all over of the china, mosques have always remained in the same traditional and original form. Chinese architects accepted Islamic elements with their national identity the national and religious identity of China is represented in the form of colors and symbols as well as elements of the entrance of the mosques. The symbol of Buddha and Mandala among the elements of Chinese mosques is more than anyone else. Red is seen as an element of the identity of the sector to Chinese architecture in the mosque architecture. This color is not seen in other mosque ornaments. Chinese symbols have become Islamic symbols in Islamic architecture. Some of these symbols are rooted in religious symbols such as Buddha statues, dragons, Phoenix, etc. Form conversion is the most important feature of the Islamic architecture of China. The root of the transformation is a form of ethnic, climatic and geographical dependence. There is a dragon element in the native architecture of China, which has been used in mosques in China as Slimi. Islamic architecture in China can be considered as an example of a consistent architecture of indigenous symbols and the preservation of Islamic values. It is hoped that researchers in future studies will pay attention to the influence of ethnic and native components on the shape of Islamic architecture.

---

Bathhouses (Garm-abeh) are beneficial and worth concerning public buildings in the history of Iranian Islamic architecture, which include excellent factors in each one of their spaces. Hierarchy is one of the most apparent qualities of these buildings, which is the main concern of this paper, introducing Mian-dar [middle corridor] as the space between Sar-bineh [cloakroom] (place for undressing, resting and conversing, located past the entrance and before the Garm-khaneh) and Garm-khane [hot chamber] (Main place where washing and massaging takes place), which brings this quality in such space. This research will dig into the secrets of architects that made this fact possible, which are studied in the scale of bath’s three main spaces (Sar-bine, Garmkhaneh and Mian-dar) and tools and methods they’ve used in anatomy of Mian-dar. Therefore, by gathering the information of all of Fars’ public baths from the Safavid to Pahlavi Period, researchers studied and analyzed mechanisms of hierarchy in Mian-dar and geometry and circulation in the main three parts of these public baths and their effects on this quality. Concerning this study and analysis on calculations and tables, this paper has found that there is a specific area proportion between Sar-bineh, Mian-dar and Garm-khaneh; The results also show, Corridor (Daalaan) is the main element used in Mian-dar of medium sized bathhouses, which is often U shaped and includes 2 to 4 turns inside itself. But in the large scaled bathhouses, corridors join forces with Vestibules (Hashti) which are halls to access other minor spaces; and in small bathhouses, architects on have only used walls and short turns in combining with corridors to separate two main bathhouses’ spaces, creating a sense of hierarchy.

---

Gender has a key role in Islamic thought and considers it as an aspect should be trained. Now a days in light of psychological and social studies, there are more information about gender differences. These differences influence education and training via “gender identity” and “sex-typing”. So it’s essential to consider gender differences in out door open spaces design. The goal of this study concentrated on the effect of gender differences in Islamic thought on outdoor open space design. Reviewing mental differences and growing and structural aspects between boys and girls, we have built a frame for open interview which concluded to Delphi process. The study is a qualitative and operational and conducted a Delphi process between 7 psychologists and 15 architecture experts. The result is an applicable list of architectural considerations for outdoor planning. Using hot and bright colors, suitable areas for congregation, simple geometry, curved corners and miniature elements can be suggested for girls. Mild colors, encounter space, sophisticated geometry, expert and job acquaintance dedicated space, different levels, ballgame space are suitable for girls.

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---