Journal of Researches in Islamic Architecture

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The growth and development of “mass” tourism in recent years has had adverse and inappropriate socio-cultural consequences such as: cultural transformation and invasion, the emergence of social corruption and anomalies and the destruction of indigenous culture in many areas. Islamic countries face challenges in developing this type of tourism, so Muslim thinkers have proposed solutions to these socio-cultural problems, one of which is to provide an alternative model in accordance with the rules of Islam and Sharia. With a little attention, it can be seen that there are no classified rules and criteria for providing services to Muslims and Islamic tourists regarding tourism infrastructure such as airlines and hotels.
Muslim tourists have special material and spiritual needs in travel, which will affect their choice of hotel. In this article, an attempt has been made to identify and explain the most important components of designing a hotel to meet the material and spiritual needs of Muslim tourists in accordance with the Shari'a and its characteristics, based on the books and concepts of Islam, and he main question of this research in this regard will be: What standards and criteria should be considered for designing a hotel in accordance with Sharia?
Introduction; How best to satisfy the needs and wishes of Muslim hotel guests is still not clear, and an effective tool is necessary for measuring the extended service of Muslim-friendly hotels. Providing assurance of accommodations for halal in the hotel business and alleviating the doubts of Muslim tourists are elements that require standardization. Standardization is vital in managing various challenges, preparing businesses for Muslim-friendly service, and attracting more visitors and guests. To date, to the written standard of halal hotel indicators remains limited and ambiguous; even in the Middle East, where the halal industry is far more developed. The most-considered principle in formulating standardization of Muslim-friendly hotels is the spiritual value that suits the needs of Muslim guests, namely, comfort and tranquility without neglect of Islamic values.
Materials and Methods; The strategies of this research are qualitative and quantitative in terms of purpose, development and application and in terms of approach (characteristics and nature of data) and in terms of nature and method, it is a descriptive content analysis and survey. The main theoretical approach and research paradigm of the principle of "Sharia" as the basic rules of Islam and its purpose is to explain the hotel in accordance with Sharia, so in extracting the main features of the research, a research strategy will be used.
Discussion and Results; In order to analyze the current situation of hotel rooms in shariah compliant hotels, typology of the samplings is narrowed down starting from the number of shariah compliant hotels. There are a few shariah compliant elements that should be considered when designing a hotel room that are often overlooked that may lead to discomfort of Muslim users in conventional design. The demands for Islamic friendly hotels are high and a lot of hotels and investors are improving their services to provide better service to the guests. Apart from that both Islamic concept of living and indoor environment quality promotes the same values and can benefit a lot of people and potential economy boosters into creating a more environmentally friendly development in the future.
When planning a room with a shariah-compliant concept in mind, there are more aspects than just showing the direction of mecca, although that is also an important part of ensuring a well-designed room that compliments the need of the Muslim guests. With the checklist discussed in the criteria of shariah compliant hotels category, the rooms are appraised accordingly.
The concept of gender segregation is also suggested for the use of toilet, recreational, and fitness facilities. But, in practice, some hotels may not do so for reasons of space and cost-efficiency. The options could include providing a separate area or dividing the set times of use between men and women. For space and cost-limited hotels, the option of differentiating service hours based on gender might be the most rational and efficient option. Therefore, MATEL put the concept of gender separation at a higher score among other indicators, without eliminating the Muslim-friendly eligibility of hotels that do not segregate their facility.
Another important factor of a shariah compliant hotel room is the permeability between the public area, hallway, and the room, in other words, privacy. Privacy of guests needs to be protected to ensure a healthy social interaction between guests and hotel staff.
Due to the importance of the characteristics of the Islamic hotel, the following components were selected in this article: 1) gender segregation in recreational facilities, 2) safety and moral security, 3) privacy space, and 4) Islamic design and architecture for these hotels.
Conclusions; The findings also generate other theoretical implications for halal hospitality research, in the form of emphasis that includes not only halal elements in drafting Muslim-friendly attributes but also a method for assessing the degree of absorption of those elements. Previous studies mostly determine the types of halal attributes; very few discuss how the elements should be applied by considering different conditions, cultures, and managerial and regulatory policies in certain countries or regions. The effectiveness of halal implementation may vary, particularly in non-Muslim majority areas. Pars chain hotels are in a good position in terms of compliance with Sharia in the components of Islamic design and gender segregation, but in the components of privacy, safety and moral security, more attention needs to be paid.

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With the arrival of Islam in Iran, the knowledge that had a strong connection with religion flourished in this land. Although in later periods schools were established independently from mosques, because of the religious studies in schools, the connection between mosques and schools was recreated again and they were called mosque-school in Islamic architecture. The integration of the two functions of mosque and school led to spatial innovations and creativity in the architecture of these buildings. Therefore, the architecture of these buildings had quite a special importance in the history of Islamic architecture. This article is based on the assumption that the body of Iranian schools from the Seljuk period to the Qajar period has evolved; It seeks to find the structural characteristics of Iranian schools in each historical period and also the evolution of their spatial arrangement by examining the models. For a better understanding and more specific analysis, the evolution of the spatial arrangement, typology of the structural system, and the relationship of traditional schools were conducted for the mentioned schools. This typology includes topics like structural system, spatial layout, structural communications, how to connect educational and worshiping (prayer) areas, methods of defining space (closed, open, and covered). The data were initially presented using a descriptive method and then they were evaluated through an analytical and adaptive method, and in terms of historical-interpretive approach, it was accomplished with typological analysis method and using library sources, collecting data from historical books, mapping, documents and receipts reading.
Study results show that schools in each historical period in order to meet the needs of students, have found specific structural characteristics and this has led to spatial changes, including residential, educational, and worshipping areas. For example, the porches of traditional schools initially had an educational function, and students gathered on the porches to discuss. In some cases, they also had been used for praying purpose. As a result, according to the present study and the case studies, the body of traditional schools in terms of the characteristics of the main components (porch, dorm, madrasa, etc.) and spatial arrangement, have passed evolutionary developments during the Seljuk period, Timurids, Safavids, Qajar.

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Planning is one of the basic tools to achieve optimal living conditions. In the meantime, negotiation is one of the most important approaches in the new planning systems, which has a special place in the current era of urban planning and governance. Negotiation planning or in other words discourse is one of the new methods in urban studies that is widely used, especially in advanced democratic societies. Jane Hillier, as the author of this theory, has used the theories of thinkers such as Habermas and Foucault to explain the principles of this theory. In the Islamic perspective, consultation and negotiation have a sublime and special place. In the verses of the Qur'an and the school of religious leaders, the role of consultation has been very important and people and their views on various social, governmental and other issues have had a great place. This research seeks to study the theoretical roots of the negotiation planning approach and extract its intellectual processes to study its structure and finally the characteristics and principles of this type of planning from the perspective of teaching. To study Islamic theories and theories of contemporary Islamic thinkers on the subject of government and religious democracy and democracy. According to the overlapping topics in this case study, from the method of document analysis and content analysis and logical reasoning, as well as qualitative and descriptive methods and conducting interviews with experts (interviews with 14 academic experts in the fields of urban planning and sociology, as well as Field professors) has been used to express the research results. Finally, by comparatively comparing the principles and rules of this type of planning with the criteria of Islamic urban planning and the principles and rules of democracy and the council from an Islamic perspective, the strengths and weaknesses of this type of planning are examined and stated in the planning approach. Negotiation relies solely on the views and opinions of the people and has nothing to do with religious norms. Therefore, it seems that this approach can be effective only in those parts of urban management that have people-centered plans. On the other hand, the approach of religious democracy is more focused on religious values ​​and the opinion of the people is of secondary importance. On the one hand, this issue makes sure that the plans and programs are based on religion and Sharia, but on the other hand, it has nothing to do with humanist and humanistic plans. Therefore, it can be said that if in urban studies, it is based only on the opinions of the people, its competence can not be confirmed from the perspective of religion, but if in the management of urban issues, the opinion of the people along with religious and jurisprudential principles and rules and based Formed, they can help run a city and an Islamic community.

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This research is a Qur'anic review that examines the effects of ethics on architecture from the Holy Qur'an’s point of view with the goal of introducing logical theoretical principals of ethical architecture. In order to reach the research goal, this research conducts the Induction, deduction and reverse extraction of research’s resulted theoretical concepts based on Aristotle's formal logic. The main question of this article is how theoretical principles of ethical architecture can be extracted from the Holy Qur'an on the grounds of Aristotelian logic? Given the priority of avoiding unethical issues over the acquisition of ethical virtues in the religion of Islam and the architectural position as an arbitrary act of human being that influences the inner attributes of the individual and the surrounding society, unethical issues can be considered as the most important factors in the formation of ethical principles for architecture. The unethical issues mentioned in the Holy Quran determine these principles from the point of view of the Muslim scripture and provides backbone of understanding the principles of ethical architecture. This research studies documents and resources based on a logical reasoning and Interpretative analytical approach. Research findings are validated using semi-structured interview techniques and indicate that experts validate the completeness and adequacy of the resulted theoretical principles and the logical process of this research. Research results include seven theoretical principles for ethical architecture; 1) Architecture should be a remembrance of God. 2) Architecture should be a tool of respect for its consumers and lack self- glorification over them. 3) Architecture should be goal-oriented towards the needs of future generation. 4) Architecture should eliminate social gaps and be a symbol of equality and modesty. 5) Architecture should create balance between human needs, pleasures and desires. 6) Architecture should answer human demands on the grounds of an economical and naturalistic approach. 7) Architecture should include structural strength with the acknowledgment of human lifetime limitations. The result of this research presents a coherent logical extraction of ethical architecture from the Holy Quran, which can be considered in the fields of theory and practice by academics and architects.

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The TND approach has concepts with the aim of raising the quality of life and strengthening and improving the physical space of the neighborhood, increasing social interactions and improving the sense of place and economic self-reliance. Iranian-Islamic urban planning, like its origins in Islam and Shiite culture, is dynamic and constantly offers new methods to human societies, and is more of a dynamic and comprehensive process to help human beings achieve nearness to God, not a product. Therefore, the conformity of TND principles with Islamic principles and values ​​is quite obvious.
The main purpose of this article is to accurately and clearly achieve the principles of Islamic Iranian urban planning as a symbol of indigenous urban planning in comparison with the TND approach that has been considered in recent decades in Western societies. The written sources related to the subject try to present a list of the most important principles and teachings of each approach in the form of specific tables and compare them if necessary or at the end. Criteria and indicators of TND approach, differences and commonalities between them are analyzed and based on such an analogy, the suggested teachings of the article are used to plan for the development of the historic and dilapidated neighborhood of New Fahadan in Yazd.
 The present study is methodological, descriptive-analytical and applied in terms of targeting. Research data and information have been collected using documentary and field studies. Qualitative data were used by open questionnaire through interviews and document review and quantitative data were prepared numerically by weighting Delphi questionnaires. The findings of this study show that there are few differences and many similarities between the two approaches of TND and Iranian-Islamic urban planning. Reveals their existence and the differences that exist are due to the asymmetry of these two approaches, to put it better, based on the requirements and conditions of the time, these differences are created. To apply the principles obtained in a case study by examining the indicators and analysis of the historic neighborhood and the deterioration of the new Fahadan by SWOT method and analysis and evaluation of internal and external factors through the QSPM matrix to provide strategies for planning the development of the new Fahadan neighborhood In the city of Yazd, based on the principles of Iranian-Islamic urban planning and TND approach. Other results of the study show that 16 strategies extracted from the QSPM matrix have priority for planning for the development of the new Fahadan neighborhood, based on which executive projects can be defined.

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Gender has a key role in Islamic thought and considers it as an aspect should be trained. Now a days in light of psychological and social studies, there are more information about gender differences. These differences influence education and training via “gender identity” and “sex-typing”. So it’s essential to consider gender differences in out door open spaces design. The goal of this study concentrated on the effect of gender differences in Islamic thought on outdoor open space design. Reviewing mental differences and growing and structural aspects between boys and girls, we have built a frame for open interview which concluded to Delphi process. The study is a qualitative and operational and conducted a Delphi process between 7 psychologists and 15 architecture experts. The result is an applicable list of architectural considerations for outdoor planning. Using hot and bright colors, suitable areas for congregation, simple geometry, curved corners and miniature elements can be suggested for girls. Mild colors, encounter space, sophisticated geometry, expert and job acquaintance dedicated space, different levels, ballgame space are suitable for girls.

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Lack of attention to the philosophy of architecture as an intermediate science between general philosophy and architecture science has caused many researchers to link their research to philosophy without methodology. They introduce their research as the philosophy of Islamic architecture; While the philosophy of Islamic architecture is a kind of philosophy. The general philosophy merely provides its foundations; Therefore, not paying attention to the methodology and philosophy of architecture distorts the theoretical framework for the production of architectural science. Accordingly, the present study tries to introduce one of the methodologies of disciplines philosophy (observation theory) with a descriptive-analytical method and clarify the philosophy of Islamic architecture based on this theory. In this regard, the philosophy of architecture is introduced with two historical and logical approaches, each of which will be of two types: the first type is a philosophy that focuses on the production of architectural work and reality, and the second type is a philosophy that focuses on the science of architecture. Deals with the meaning of discipline knowledge Finally, there will be four types of philosophy of architecture. The discipline's philosophy of architecture has a significant role in producing Islamic architecture, which the present study introduces to achieve the proposed combined model (historical and logical).
 
 
 
 
 

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The principle of "privacy" is one of the principles of Islamic worldview and culture, which is considered as one of the important moral and cultural values ​​in the social life of Muslims. Throughout the history of urbanization in Iran, the concept of privacy and respect for privacy has been influential from the formation of architectural space to the spatial organization of cities and Locating urban functions side by side. On the other hand, Iranian-Islamic urban planning should be such that in addition to supplythe needs of the material realm of human life, it can also meet the needs of other realms of human life (psychological and spiritual realms of life) and in the meantime Observance of the principle of privacy plays an important role in meeting such needs. In the contemporary urban planning of the iran, by applying Western ideas and theories and imitating modernist models, the principle of privacy, like many other valuable concepts, has been forgotten, so that now Less attention is paid to this concept in urban development programs and plans. The purpose of this study is to develop criteria and indicators for the emergence and manifestation of the concept of privacy in Iranian-Islamic urban planning. Research method in this research is based on systematic review of texts, studies and research related to the subject and content analysis of information collected. In conclusion, the present article presents the indicators related to the principle of privacy in various components of the urban environment, including physical-functional and socio-cultural components, and Recommends their application in urban development programs and plans to improve the quality of urban environments.

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One of the biggest strategic harms and mistakes that a society may suffer is the mistake at the level of dreams and social horizons. In such a way that there is a contradiction and inconsistency between the dreams and ideas that are for a social structure, for example, the "ideal form of the city" and the dream and ideal that is chosen for the whole social life and society is formed around it. The more society tries and spends for that heterogeneous structure, the more it becomes practically incapable and far from its goals and ideals. Therefore, this article, by depicting the favorable future situation of cities, has tried to direct the wishes and dreams of citizens and city managers about the city (and in principle society and life) and according to public acceptances and norms, which is interpreted as culture. To draw and achieve a better future and show that in contrast to the current style of urban planning in the country, which is influenced by the modernist model of the West, one can think of values such as "productive home", "constructive and thoughtful interaction with nature", " Brotherhood-based social system, "land price reduction", "spatial justice and the elimination of segregation", "family-based planning", "large housings", "mosque-led planning" and "neighborhood scale ". The idea of "Zistshahr" (livable city) is an attempt to achieve these values. This proposed model is presented in the form of bio-living complexes and according to the components of indigenous styles as well as the desirability and teachings of Iranian-Islamic culture. The design of the Zistshahr is an attempt to redefine the pattern of construction in newly established towns and settlements, so that it includes a large and productive residential units and provides other urban services in a way that, in addition to provide the needs, empowers families and the provides possibility of formation of the environment by the residents.
However, the realization of this idea requires feasibility studies. The four main issues around which feasibility studies are conducted are: the issue of land and its scarcity, the issue of water and energy supply, the issue of construction costs, and finally the issue of legal capacity.
Findings show that in terms of land supply, the idea of Zistshahr can accommodate a population equivalent to the entire country in an area of about 2% of the area of Iran. In terms of water and energy supply, there are solutions for sustainable urban design, which are explained in the article. Technical and executive costs will be equal to the Mehr housing projects (governmental housing projects in Iran in 2010s) for each residential unit with the help of the stages of construction, the use of more appropriate construction patterns and the use of participatory architecture, with the difference that the total area of the arena and lords of each unit in the city is about 5 to 15 times larger than Mehr housing units and with the help of mechanisms to eliminate and reduce land prices (similar to the methods used in Mehr housing and land supply model in the industrial towns experiences in Iran in 1980s), the design of the Zistshahr model can be more economical, sustainable and more logical than common patterns in urban planning in Iran. In addition to reforming the pattern of newly established cities and towns, it provides a platform for reverse migration to villages and solving the problem of imbalance and centralism in land management, and also plays a role as a driving force for reforming existing cities and villages.

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Nastaliq as a favorite script has appeared in architectural designs attributed to Qajar era along with Thulth script. Thus recognition and awareness of prevalent Nastaliq inscriptions and their transformations are considered crucial needs for calligraphy and architecture communities, but the subject has been neglected by most researchers. Evaluation of calligraphic transformation through paper inscriptions which are directly written by calligraphers is an excellent and professional case study. Furthermore, since the quality of scripts undergo some changes or defects when transferring to tiles, stones or other things, analysis and comparison of paper inscriptions and seven-color tile inscriptions should be paid close attention to. Actually, it is a new look at epigraphy on seven-color tiles in which not only the calligrapher but the tileralso is involved.
It can not be denied that production of calligraphic works specially Nastaliq script, is influenced by understanding transformations of scripts and manuscripts in form and structure over time; hence epigraphy and its transformation especially in holy places and the conformity of Nastaliq script with characteristics and requirements of epigraphy as well, have been overlooked by researchers. The purpose of this survey is to distinguish the differences between two methods of epigraphy, on papers and on tiles, and to realize transformations of Nastaliq letters and words when they were transferred from paper sheets to tiles. Library-based and field study resources as well as observational descriptive and analytical methods have been implemented to conduct the study. Some questions should necessarily be answered to obtain the aim of this study. Firstly, what are the differences between Mohammd Ebrahim Tehrani’s paper inscriptions kept in the museum of Abdolazim Hassani’s holy shrine and his seven-color tile inscriptions located in the veranda of Imamzadeh Taher’s holly shrine in terms of writing form of Nastaliq and its composition (tarkib)? Secondly, which attributes should be taken into consideration to classify these inscriptions? The result of evaluation in both types of epigraphy indicated some stylistic features and visual standards for the works available from second period of the Qajar era, namely, writing big sizes of words and letters plus relative structural coherence in Nastaliq writings. It was revealed that slight variations exist between the two types of epigraphy. In the tile inscriptions, for instance, letters and words were written smaller in size and they were also executed bolder in comparison to the paper inscriptions. Thestretched letters (kashidas)are noticed to be elongated shorter in this type of epigraphy, though. Individual letters Additionally, the angel between calligraphy ."ه" are not attached tothe letter of ha "و،ر" such as ra and vav pen and the paper while writing dots (noghte) varies between 36 and 50 degrees. Furthermore, fewer ‘seating’ lines (korsi) and the same type of gemination, the doubling of a consonantal sound, were conceived in composition (tarkib) of the tile inscriptions. It was observed that words and letters underwent minor changes when they were transferred from the papers to the tiles, due to direct supervision of the calligrapher and his expertise in writing on variety of surfaces in addition to theskillful tiler who neatly created the tile inscriptions. Tehrani also has signed his paper inscriptions (1291 Hijri), available in Abdolazim Hassani’s Shrine, as "Mohammd Ebrahim Tehrani" which is the calligrapher's full name. He has utilized black ink on the pale gold background papers to make the inscriptions. Another notable feature is that two types of curved and angular frames are perceived in his paper inscriptions. His tile inscriptions (1301 Hijri), however, have been signed as "Mohammd Ebrahim, Mashhor Be Mirza Amo" which includes calligrapher’s first and nick names. White ink, navy blue backgrounds and curved shape frames were noted as the characteristics of the tile inscriptions by Tehrani.
 

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In specialized topics of aesthetics, structure and function, the buildings of Islamic architecture in Iran during certain periods, show the strong presence
of intellectual sciences such as mathematics. The use of geometry as a part of the science of numerical mathematics, which in its intellectual position has
complex calculations, indicates the connection of Islamic architects with the mathematicians of their time. According to the available books and written documents, the architect's personal reference to complex mathematical books in terms of numerical application is a subject that has been seen in lesser power. Accordingly, in this article, the educational relationship between architects and Islamic mathematicians has been examined. Geometry in its numerical position can not be transferred to the architectural structure, and this must be transferred to a specific geometric process in terms of action. How to connect the mathematics of Islamic theology and architecture about geometry, and of a special theoretical or practical type that can be used in the field of architecture is the basic question of research. How Islamic architects have understood theoretical and practical geometry from mathematicians and have applied it in architecture. In this regard, in the present study, the author has examined the research and analysis operations by identifying the fourth to eleventh AH due to the presence of prestigious Islamic mathematicians as well as glorious Islamic architecture from a geometrically known point of view. The study of analysis on manuscripts is very valid in scientific centers. These manuscripts have been analyzed by architecture in the form of face-to-face research and academic communication in the preparation of scanned images. The manuscripts belong to Islamic scholars including Buzjani, Farabi, Ibn Sina, Akhavan al-Safa, and Jamshid Kashani. In order to study geometry in the theories of Islamic mathematicians and to obtain basic information about geometry and mathematics, the deductive method has been used in research, and the contextualist approach has been used in the discussion of historical issues of architecture and knowledge topics of geometry. The research findings show the decision of Islamic mathematicians based on the issues of Islamic belief and thought to meet the practical needs in Islamic society and beyond. Islamic architects are also among the most important learners in the field of building architecture and related matters in terms of geometry. These topics are in the form of converting numerical mathematics into theoretical geometry in its quantitative and qualitative dimensions and practical geometry to achieve practical cases in providing applied geometry for educating architects. These teachings, due to their complexity and the fact that they belong to the mathematical field of equivalence, required face-to-face educational communication. This issue is called the meetings of artists between Islamic mathematicians and architects according to its own process.
In order to understand the knowledge of geometry by architectural experts in the period from the fourth to the eleventh AH, a subject has been created by Islamic mathematicians of that time that may have existed in previous centuries. This is the subject of communication classes created by Islamic mathematicians.
They tried to improve jobs in various fields. In the field of architects, this issue is called Artistics Meeting. Meetings in which Islamic mathematicians, with their vast knowledge and perception, have applied theoretical knowledge to the profession and minds of artists. The method of calculating geometry

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