Journal of Researches in Islamic Architecture

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Nowadays Islamic countries more than ever concentrate on identity to revive their dignity at the age of globalization. Countries of west of Asia especially Persian Gulf countries enjoy a prosperous architectural era because of oil well revenues. Saudi Arabia from among them selected purposely to analyses to understand interaction of localization and globalization in contemporary architecture of developing countries. Saudi Arabia as the birthplace of Islam with the growing economy in recent years, is a good context for massive constructions, which result in identity crisis in contemporary architecture. Economic growth during last 40 years in these countries has affected various aspects of their lives. Undoubtedly architecture and urbanism as one of the main substrates were affected by these developments. Limitation of construction technology and engineers’ abilities in these countries made the Arabs to assign the designing and construction phase of their huge projects to European and American architects and engineers with completely different background and cultural beliefs from Muslims’. Although some researches have focused on identity crisis in modern architecture, very few researches have noted the interaction and conflict between the Islamic identity and contemporary architecture. The main objective of this research is to identify and analyze the native and Islamic identity in contemporary architecture of Saudi Arabia. The main research questions are: 1- What are the main current trends in contemporary architecture of Saudi Arabia? And how they have noted the concept of identity in their works? What is the relationship between theory (what the architects have in their minds or the goal they are following to reach an ideal design) and practice (what is observed in final result or understood by people) in contemporary architecture of Saudi Arabia? According to the theoretical framework, current buildings in Saudi Arabia are analyzed based on five general parameters and factors: 1-Main idea forming the design (concept), 2-The Construction Technology, 3- The material in the unit, 4- The shape and form of the unit, 5- the relationship with the surrounding environment. This article analyzed the buildings of the past two decades impartially in terms of the referred parameters. This research consists of two main parts. In the first part the architect’s opinion about his/her design was discussed. In the second part researchers analyzed the mentioned works according to the theoretical framework. The comparative analysis of the architect's comments about his work and researchers’ inferences can determine the distance between theory and practice of contemporary architecture in Saudi Arabia, then the architect’s success in achieving his/her objectives will be determined. This comparison will indicate whether the architects have succeeded in conveying their ideas to people or not. To meet scheduled objectives, fifty artworks were selected randomly from among the buildings designed in the past two decades, and were analyzed according to the main parameters. Then the quantitative data were transferred to SPSS22 software to determine the correlation between these two groups. Studies conducted indicate that a considerable proportion of contemporary architecture in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia are design by foreign architects who are not familiar enough with Islam as the official religion of the country. We can see some puzzlement in contemporary architecture due to the diversity of forms and concepts. The architects’ description about their own works indicated that the main trends of contemporary architecture are in the use of postmodern forms, conceptualism, prevalent structures and modern materials. The findings indicate what architects statements and opinions expressed in the form of Islamic revival, is leading to imitate the famous forms of ancient architecture in practice. In fact, imitation of ancient forms and reconstruction of them by modern technologies means the expression of Islamic and native identity in contemporary architecture to most of the foreign architects. This leads to a contradiction between the theory and practice in contemporary works, although the construction quality of the analyzed samples is remarkable. To solve these problems it is essential to assign projects to vernacular architects and engineers where possible. Native architects with Islamic culture and beliefs will be more capable than foreign ones in expression and manifestation of Islamic identity in their works. On the other hand foreign architects should change their strategies in dealing with problems. Avoiding imitation of old patterns, getting more information about theories, Islamic culture, main needs and aspirations of Muslims are some of these strategies helping the architects to deal with the referred problems. These challenges make some serious threats and challenged contemporary architecture of developing countries. The results of the paper show that new architectural technologies and revivalist trends are the most important players in contemporary architecture of developing countries such as Saudi Arabia and other Persian Gulf countries because of their richness in cultural heritage, spiritual findings and local identity.

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Nowadays Islamic countries more than ever concentrate on identity to revive their dignity at the age of globalization. Countries of west of Asia especially Persian Gulf countries enjoy a prosperous architectural era because of oil well revenues. Saudi Arabia from among them selected purposely to analyses to understand interaction of localization and globalization in contemporary architecture of developing countries. Saudi Arabia as the birthplace of Islam with the growing economy in recent years, is a good context for massive constructions, which result in identity crisis in contemporary architecture. Economic growth during last 40 years in these countries has affected various aspects of their lives. Undoubtedly architecture and urbanism as one of the main substrates were affected by these developments. Limitation of construction technology and engineers’ abilities in these countries made the Arabs to assign the designing and construction phase of their huge projects to European and American architects and engineers with completely different background and cultural beliefs from Muslims’. Although some researches have focused on identity crisis in modern architecture, very few researches have noted the interaction and conflict between the Islamic identity and contemporary architecture. The main objective of this research is to identify and analyze the native and Islamic identity in contemporary architecture of Saudi Arabia. The main research questions are: 1- What are the main current trends in contemporary architecture of Saudi Arabia? And how they have noted the concept of identity in their works? What is the relationship between theory (what the architects have in their minds or the goal they are following to reach an ideal design) and practice (what is observed in final result or understood by people) in contemporary architecture of Saudi Arabia? According to the theoretical framework, current buildings in Saudi Arabia are analyzed based on five general parameters and factors: 1-Main idea forming the design (concept), 2-The Construction Technology, 3- The material in the unit, 4- The shape and form of the unit, 5- the relationship with the surrounding environment. This article analyzed the buildings of the past two decades impartially in terms of the referred parameters. This research consists of two main parts. In the first part the architect’s opinion about his/her design was discussed. In the second part researchers analyzed the mentioned works according to the theoretical framework. The comparative analysis of the architect's comments about his work and researchers’ inferences can determine the distance between theory and practice of contemporary architecture in Saudi Arabia, then the architect’s success in achieving his/her objectives will be determined. This comparison will indicate whether the architects have succeeded in conveying their ideas to people or not. To meet scheduled objectives, fifty artworks were selected randomly from among the buildings designed in the past two decades, and were analyzed according to the main parameters. Then the quantitative data were transferred to SPSS22 software to determine the correlation between these two groups. Studies conducted indicate that a considerable proportion of contemporary architecture in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia are design by foreign architects who are not familiar enough with Islam as the official religion of the country. We can see some puzzlement in contemporary architecture due to the diversity of forms and concepts. The architects’ description about their own works indicated that the main trends of contemporary architecture are in the use of postmodern forms, conceptualism, prevalent structures and modern materials. The findings indicate what architects statements and opinions expressed in the form of Islamic revival, is leading to imitate the famous forms of ancient architecture in practice. In fact, imitation of ancient forms and reconstruction of them by modern technologies means the expression of Islamic and native identity in contemporary architecture to most of the foreign architects. This leads to a contradiction between the theory and practice in contemporary works, although the construction quality of the analyzed samples is remarkable. To solve these problems it is essential to assign projects to vernacular architects and engineers where possible. Native architects with Islamic culture and beliefs will be more capable than foreign ones in expression and manifestation of Islamic identity in their works. On the other hand foreign architects should change their strategies in dealing with problems. Avoiding imitation of old patterns, getting more information about theories, Islamic culture, main needs and aspirations of Muslims are some of these strategies helping the architects to deal with the referred problems. These challenges make some serious threats and challenged contemporary architecture of developing countries. The results of the paper show that new architectural technologies and revivalist trends are the most important players in contemporary architecture of developing countries such as Saudi Arabia and other Persian Gulf countries because of their richness in cultural heritage, spiritual findings and local identity.

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After the industrial revolution, men intended-more than ever-to use energy, specifically the fossil fuels. Moreover the quick growth of population have added considerably the speed of the critical status of environmental affairs. The side effect of industrialization result many problems such as the depletion of natural resources, the increase of polluting levels in surroundings, extinction of many species of animals and plants and the environmental crisis. Due to the above mentioned problems human approach toward nature has been changed. The approval of Stockholm Declaration in Environmental Conference of United Nations Organization is a turning point in formal human attitude during history towards natural resources and the utilization systems of ground. The mentioned declaration and 1974 Declaration of KOKOIK have confirmed the complexity and seriousness of social- environmental crises. Furthermore, they have emphasized upon the necessity of devising and demonstrating healthy environmental strategies in order to upgrade socio-economic and fair environmental developments. Also these affairs led to the "earth Commission" in 1992. During the mentioned commission, the 21 Declaration and Rio Declaration about environmental and development were approved. On the other hand religion have many instruction about protecting nature. In Abrahamic religions' view, the question about what has intrinsic value, is presented based on innate belief in God. That is, the intrinsic value in the universe belongs to God and value of other creatures is definable based on it. Therefore, all parts of the universe obtain value based on this relation and human being is responsible to provide proper care for them. It can be stated the criterion for an action in this view is consisted, which God is considered as human responsibilities (Abedi, Shahvali and Mohaghegh Damad 2007, 65). Islam as a universal and holistic religion claims is able to answer variable needs in every epoch and have deterministic laws for all relations and ranks of human. However, it does not mean that it is defined clear laws for every specific and contemporary subject. It contains very general laws, which specific laws can be deducted for each subject. One of the subjects is “environment”. By looking in Islamic texts and the Quran it can be understood that environment and caring about it is considered as important subject in Islam. Many of Quran's verses imply about it. In addition, many of Quran's chapters have name that is the name of natural phenomena and even many times swear an oath is on a natural phenomenon. Human begin is invited to think and contemplate about them. Editing environment's law is long history in Islam. A set of Muslim scholars' fatwas about environment preservation, ancient monuments, city interconnections, the quality of operation, architectural structures, using passageway, drainage bases, public places, installing windows, place of industrial buildings, cleaning the urban passageway, and behaving with animals are evidences of this claim (Pak 2008, 141). This paper presents a comparative study of Islamic approach with the contemporary approach in dealing with the environment. In this research, with comparing these two approaches, common aspects in contemporary conservationists’ statements based on Islamic visions, are revealed. The main question in this research is: why and how religious sources in various fields including environmental issues could be the solution? Do these instructions cover contemporary concerns in the field of environmental crises? After dealing with contemporary environmental crises, the need to change attitudes to the nature was realized by human. This is while the Islamic instructions have a lot of teachings in the case of conserving environment from 1,400 years ago. Therefore, the aim of this research is to expose the necessity of deeply studying the Islamic texts again and applying them in the related realm of natural environment such as architecture. A combinatorial research method is employed in this paper, which is based on the logical reasoning and quality approach. After studying the Islamic texts that is related to the natural environment and contemporary approach in this realm, the adaptive studying method of “Jorj F. Berdy” is employed for comparison of these two approaches. This method has four levels: description, interpretation, adjacency, and comparison. The items which is described and interpretation are environment, nature, balance of nature, development, avoiding damage of nature and components of nature. In addition, the defined criteria in this comparison are determined by documents studying and experts surveying of the “Delphi” approach. The final criteria is classified in three category: paradigm level, field level and component. After documents studying, adaptive studying, and analysis of these two methods in this research, the necessity of extracting the Islamic instructions and approaches for natural environment conserving is revealed. Besides this research shows that practice of Islamic instructions which are communicated to humans regardless of the particular time and place would have prevented the current environmental crisis and also shorten many ways that mankind had chosen according to his experience and avoid a lot of damages to the environment.The closer examination of these doctrines can open new horizons for the completion of these theories.

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In current time, modern architecture design opinion along with new generation of academic graduated architects has great influence on new buildings, such as mosques design. One of the most important effects is the distortion of shapes and space, which is headlined as new design view of mosque in architecture and society. Unlike the past which mosque buildings were followed by special tradition style in each era, there is much diversity of types and design methods, which it cannot be classify in tradition or any specific category by shape and form. In addition of extreme evolution on design and built process of contemporary buildings, this article is trying to have a specific overview in the orientation of mosque designing. Then classifying the indexes of this development with identification and on the other hand notifies the effective courses on mosque architecture process. Research questions are: can we suggest any features of Iranian current mosque design comparing to Islamic world design? What standards can we consider? What is the design style of contemporary mosques? And what is the specification of each? Many researchers have proposed approaches for classifying the effective streams on contemporary architecture of Islamic countries, particularly the modernist mosques. These approaches investigate the recognition of the principles of design, favorite variables of architects, and also their work product as architecture body. Each of these researches, in turn, has suggested different categories or for modernist mosques. For example, "Ismail Serage-aldin" in his article titled "classification of effective approaches in contemporary architecture of Islamic countries", divided this approach into five groups of popular approach, traditionalist approach, people-oriented approach, adaptable modernism approach, and modernist approach. These approaches have an effective role in different streams of architecture design in contemporary era, particularly in the designing of mosques. This article is aimed to recognize trends of designing mosques in contemporary era specifically and by identifying indicators of these changes classifies them and recognizes effective streams on the evolution era in the architecture of mosques. Therefore, after reviewing performed classifications, the desired attitudes for investigating works are introduced and tables are prepared for each of these works that have been analyzed in those works based on defined attitudes, and then by comparing tables an attempt is done in classification of works based on common characteristics in the table. At the end, those attitudes that have affected contemporary mosques are introduced as a group of indicators. For better recognition, some examples of these groups in Iran and the other countries will be introduced. The questions that have been asked in this research are: Can attitudes be introduced in designing Iranian contemporary mosques in comparison with Islam world? What criteria can be considered for this issue? What orientation do exist in designing contemporary mosques? And what are the characteristics of each of them? At first, the research process has been formed based on quantitative variables that have had a key role in recognizing mosques as modernist mosques. These variables are volume versus space, full and empty, physical development, plan pattern, facade, the average ceiling height, decorations, form, color, position, construction location and its time and then categorizing the amounts of variables has converted them to qualitative data and make it possible to divide them to some groups based on a integrated structure that in every group part of amounts are in similarity or proportionality with each other. Therefore, three groups of tables were prepared from characteristics of mosques during research. In first group, the table introduces the status of each variable in mosques second group separates the mosques with common characteristics and the last group introduces their properties. This classification that has been obtained from investigating 50 modernist mosques can indicate shape-physical approach in typology of modernist mosques in Islam world. Based on conducted investigation, a part of contemporary mosques that a typology was done about them are mosques that are outstanding in Islamic society or have introduced the meaning of mosque in a new body from physical perspective. These mosques have been classified into four categories based on shape typology and these categories are: white modernist mosque, pure mosques, form-oriented mosques, and hybrid modernist mosques. In white modernist mosques, the volume is not important and often takes a form of project site. In pure mosques against traditional mosque building, the architect aims to create a symbolic volume. The volumes are simple and Platonic. Especially, the cubic shape that has a background in Islamic tradition is used. In form-oriented mosques, the attention to external volume is very important so that ignoring internal space is resulted. The volume of these mosques usually includes complicated and innovative forms and architectural sculpture and pure forms are not applied. Asymmetrical and simple decorations, use of color and light shadow diversity are usual in these mosques. Hybrid modernist mosques are a combination of the former types that means each of their elements follow one of types and cannot be placed in any former types. On the other hand, they are a hybrid of the former types.

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The present paper is extracted from a purposeful research aiming at pondering on the recondite meaning of persistence in Iranian architecture during Islamic era and comparing it to the concept of sustainability and contemporary sustainable architecture. It seems that the literature is poor in terms of causes and factors of persistence in Iranian architecture. The limited literature in this area mostly includes descriptions of buildings and monuments of various periods of Iranian architecture. Due to closeness of the meanings of persistence and sustainability, no clear-cut border has been drawn between the two terms up to now. The present research aims at not only depicting the essential difference between the two terms of persistence and sustainability in Iranian Architecture, but also finding specifications and principles of persistent architecture and the factors affecting it. Therefore, this research is after finding the source and cause of persistence and perpetuity of Iranian architectural monuments inherited from old times. Iranian architecture has witness use of persistent patters that are being forgotten due to negligence on the part of contemporary Iranian architects as this valuable treasure and their passive acceptance of imported modern architecture. Nowadays, one of the most important issues attracting Iranian architects is the necessity of persistence in contemporary architecture and revival of Iranian architecture. The authors of this paper hold that analysis of persistent and timeless architectural works and monuments for finding their common geometric patterns can help achieving a solution for grafting persistence on to architectural works. These phenomena play a significant role in the society from both cultural-structural and pragmatic aspects. It is noteworthy to say that finding patterns in common in persistent works doesn’t mean merely copying them, but, giving them rebirth in the modern world with due regard to the needs of modern people as many of Iranian architectural works have structural-physical elements that were persistent at their own time but have lost their use today and they are only inheritance for the coming generations and they are no longer live in their use. What needed most in the present era is not blind copying of the features of Iranian architecture, but is pondering on Iranian architecture and attempting to modernize its features. In the present paper, first, the meanings of persistence and sustainability are presented and compared with each other and the viewpoints of scholars on persistence and sustainability are covered. The results of this research shows that living architecture is the cause of persistence and perpetuity of architecture in modern architecture as the case studies ChoghaZanbil Ziggurats, Naqsh -e- Jahan touristic - religious square, Tabriz Bazzar and Azadi Square can be mantioned. In terms of nature, this research is logical inference. Data was collected using library method and questionnaire techniques. The research questions included: What is the principal difference between persistence and sustainability? What is the most important factor in persistence? What are the effective features and factors in persistence architecture? The results of this research suggest that the most important difference between persistence architecture and sustainable architecture is the factor of meaning and spirituality. Furthermore, regarding to culture, and use of persistent archetypes and ability to absorb addressees are among other differences between persistent architecture and sustainable architecture. It is noteworthy that meaning in this research is a factor that inspires value in the setting, engraves memories in addressee’s minds, creates an identity in the space and place and the addressee understands that the interconnectedness of elements and formation of space are incarnations of the values and concepts of a community expressed in an architectural form. Persistence in architecture is a form of timeless state of living and dynamism that is persistent and lasting. Living means physique and sprit together, not only the physique should be live, but also it should be associated with soul. Persistence is held a kind of historical and cultural continuation in a living body. Living body means a connection between past, present and future that forms identity. What making Iranian architecture persistent is regard to spirituality and expression of the people’s beliefs and culture in architecture that develops in the addressee and becomes perpetual. Nowadays, meaning is lost in architecture, as architect instead of paying attention to God, the origin of eternity, and the original needs of human being, as the caliph of God on earth, and cultural patterns that can be expressed in today’s forms with a little modification, views man connected with technology, tools and facilities which are all transient and consumptive in other words, tools have replaced targets. Based on the results of this research, the major difference between persistent architecture and sustainable architecture is disregard to meaning and emergence of spirituality that maintains culture, identity and cultural capital in any community. The things that can be admitted as a base to rely and creat a new architecture.

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Qualitative aspects of housing always considered as the most critical planning tools and have gained great interest in recent housing research. Housing areas in order to provide social development, involved the environment around in addition to residential units. This paper tries to assess the quality of traditional houses, describe and analyze them to achieve the criteria to devise guidelines in the next step which are effective for increasing the quality of contemporary housing. Iranian traditional houses have a kind of internal spaces structure on the basis of religious and traditional ideas of Iranian families.These houses have manifested native-traditional models of the past history of Iran which have originated from individual and collective cultures of the people, who have been formed, have grown, have been manifested and have reached perfection. Study of Iranian contemporary architecture indicates that it has been changed with regard to its rich and meaningful history during the time. Roots of the principles governing the traditional houses can be found in Iranian thoughts and culture. Any building which is constructed aims at fulfillment of some living needs. Traditional houses are not only a shelter. Residence indicates meaningful link with the place which can include all of the different levels of private and general life environment. This link is an effort to find identity and to have attachment feeling toward a place while our modern houses couldn’t have fulfilled the most primary needs of residence i.e. tranquility and physical relaxation and generally inspired quality expectations. In this regard, to reach the aim through qualitative approach and case study strategy, this value of the Iranian traditional housing was investigated.
This study was carried out by qualitative method and in order to final assess of the data, AHP method was used. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is a structural technique to organizing and analyzing complex decisions, based on mathematics and psychology. Rather than prescribing a «correct» decision, the AHP helps decision makers find one that best suits their goal and their understanding of the problem. It provides a comprehensive and rational framework for structuring a decision problem, for representing and quantifying its elements, for relating those elements to overall goals, and for evaluating alternative solutions. Therefore the method of collecting data was based on lists for interview techniques, observation, investigate the features of place and space, measuring attitudes and by searching the literature and documents and maps about the subject. So at first multiple systems of residential environment quality assessment were studied and then a model to assess the quality of housing for this paper was developed. In the second step through the main factors of the model, 5 criteria have been determined to assess the quality of housing.In the next stage parameters derived from the lists in relation to each criterion were analyzed compared to the data of other criteria and the overall impact of research factors in reciprocating reviews and alternatives obtained in relation to the main criteria have been introduced in traditional houses. Then by analyzing and interpreting of these alternatives and considering the effects of lifestyle, human needs and conditions of contemporary society strategies to improve the quality aspects of contemporary housing have been proposed. The term lifestyle can denote the interests, opinions and behavioral orientations of an individual, group, or culture. The term refers to a combination of determining intangible or tangible factors. Tangible factors relate specifically to demographic variables, i.e. an individual›s demographic profile, whereas intangible factors concern the psychological aspects of an individual such as personal values, preferences, and outlooks. Therefore, a lifestyle is a means of forming a sense of self and to create cultural symbols that resonate with personal identity. Not all aspects of a lifestyle are voluntary. Surrounding social and technical systems can constrain the lifestyle choices available to the individual and the symbols she/he is able to project to others and the self.According to the results of the research there is a significant relation between the quality of traditional houses, human, the architecture and the past lifestyle that emanates from traditions and original values. The evaluation showed that in order of importance the criteria of human needs, environmental, physical, functional and structural qualities have contributed in this meaningful relation and among them the first three criteria are more effective. Although in general comparison the coordinated presence of all proposed criteria resulted in lasting quality. Recognizing the traditional strategies and perception the Persian culture and life style can help modern architects to design suitable contemporary house design. People really need a house that response all its duties, not only merely be a shelter.Hence the main orientations for the development of housing in the qualitative aspects should be provided with development of long-term, medium-term and short-term goals. Providing desirable housing according to the physical and spiritual needs of Iranian families is one of long-term goals that must be met in the future.

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The need for housing is one of the most basic human needs. According to the principle thirty-one constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran, having adequate housing is the right of every Iranian individual and family. The qualitative indicators of housing has always been the most sensitive instruments are accommodation plan. In other words, Muslims should be chosen home layout, which allows the growth and excellence of the individual, family and society based on Islamic beliefs provide. In this context, the principles of Islam has provided guidance in order to achieve the desired quality of housing.
The research aims is to answer  the basic question that is created: Which factores of quality of traditional architecture can be used due to changes in the conditions of society and the way people live,to lead to Islamic values in contemporary housing. Accordingly, Article is a qualitative study and  For the final evaluation of the Analytic Hierarchy Process data is used. Gathering data on the basis of lists for interview techniques, questionnaires, have been observed. In this way, the documentary and library and map analysis has been used.
Results and findings can be categorized in three parts

• Extraction The Islamic concepts related to housing in the model of islamic optimal housing
• Extraction architectural design patterns of traditional housing fits with this model
• Prioritization patterns based on contemporary Muslim needs

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Aesthetic-Sublime conflict has been as one of the most pressing issues in the thinking that included in the manifestations of human life and the construction of temples in history. In the modern era, both the formalist and the functionalist currents of modern architecture emerged in response to the German philosopher's theory of Emmanuel Kant. Later, deconstructionist architects such as Eisenman who that stated their anomalous roots in their heuristic formula for combining the two aspect of theory. These currents of thought penetrated the Islamic world, especially the construction of mosques. Unique Islamic conceptual patterns were less discussed in the amalgamation of aesthetics and the quest for its revival in the modern age. a universality of Jamal-Jalal is recommended in the Islamic viewpoint that Islam has not claimed in previous religions and this equilibrium has taken place with the rise of Islam. This equilibrium can be traversed to either side of the spectrum in each sample as needed. In this research, the philosophical principles and architectural criteria derived from both sides and a descriptive-analytical approach was discussed to the conceptual typology of historical mosques. Finally, The models were expressed to the architecture of the historical and Islamic periods in six sections. 1-The Origin of Style Effects from Organizing (High Pure) to Artistic (Pure Beautiful) and Comprehensive viewpoint at Architectural Styles. 2- On the Jamali-Jalali side of the environmentally sensitive historical epochs, approach of cultural periods in Europe with verticalism and attention to Sublime (Egypt) to Egypt with horizontalism and the periodic classification is based on the nature (Environment) that is compared in the three categories of medieval naturalism to Renaissance naturalism (Soft modernity). 3- Sublime-Aesthetic faculties in Formalist architecture schools fall into three categories: Anatomical, space-oriented and socialist in Islamic architects of Iran. 4- Conceptual model was presented for each aspect with sensitivity to the Sublime-Aesthetic (jalal-jamal) of sensing factors. 5- Functionalism indices were investigated by three-dimensional (aesthetic, sublime and socialist) principles of Iranian architectural architecture with the principles of organizing movement in space. 6- Encoding with symbolization factors was conceptually presented as Sublime-Aesthetic attention, and the share of attention to the purely beautiful symbol in the glamorous and sublime symbols refers to the glorious dimension.  The space and body were remarkable that were effective in expressing this dual opposition in the architecture of contemporary mosques. Nowadays, contemporary architects use Aesthetic and Aesthetic appearance to represent the clergy of space in Contemporary mosques. Ultimately, authenticity is in need of socialist. It is a sublime meaning that, along with simplicity, is reminiscent of the spiritual space of the model mosque (the Prophet). Finally, two examples of mosques were laid out in a comprehensive Western and traditional pattern. The indices were based in each contemporary work on Jamal-Jalal of Islam or Western Aesthetic-Sublime. The results of the study show the evolution of the architecture in the four Iranian mosques, that Has a tendency for pure sublimity or aestheticism to the sublime aesthetic states (holistic state) and when comparison to two types of mosque (contemporary Western-style mosques) have sometimes moved toward materialistic and authentic Aesthetic and Sublime. The perceptions are superficial in the past patterns but sometime this patterns are along to values. motivations of Aestheticism have given originality to outer space and Sublimation to originality and both dimensions of history have been distorted in the non-sacred paradigm and merely reduced to charm and functionality. Whereas the holistic viewpoint has a coherent and original view of spirit and spiritual growth.

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Nature has always played a very significant role in responding to numerous human needs. Human needs have two dimensions of material and value, and this subject has been the source of both material and value views of nature. Human, in response to their needs, has invented solutions that have, if repeated, become a model. The current article aimed to compare the role of technologies and solutions derived from nature in meeting human needs in both traditional and contemporary periods from the perspective of experts. The question posed to attain this objective is: What are the differences in the extent and manner of responding to different human needs by patterns derived from nature in the traditional era and the contemporary era? At first, in the theoretical framework of the research, the solutions and technologies obtained from library studies were categorized in eleven groups and via the qualitative method and logical reasoning, the formation of solutions and technologies derived from nature based on the response to human needs and their transformation into architectural patterns and the impact of features such as multifunctionality, and combination of patterns in an appropriate response to various human needs were mentioned. To answer the research question, to compare the two traditional and contemporary eras in response to human needs using solutions and technologies derived from nature, the architectural experts’ views were cited via a semi-structured interview method. The results obtained from the present study at this stage were that in the traditional era, nature has played a more effective role in meeting the various needs of human beings than in the contemporary era and in the contemporary period, with the diminution of the semantic dimension of man, the attention to the value dimension of nature in architecture has also diminished and the provision of material needs of nature has been given priority. In general comparison, in the traditional era, technologies derived from nature were more abundant in architecture, but in the contemporary era, it is limited to specific buildings. Out of the eleven solutions obtained, according to experts, the criteria of nature as a source of matter and energy and inspiration from nature in the promotion of technology in the contemporary period and the criteria of direct use of nature in architectural design and use of renewable energy in the traditional period, had the highest frequency.

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There were the glorious examples of the architecture of mosque once in Iran.They were the places for equality between all classes, so they must have qualities for invitation, guidance, and reminder and call the believers and attract other followers of religions as the missionary of Islam. This invitation is not only in the field of vision, but also in terms of audio and other means, such as multi-functionality, centrality, and location of deployment. This architecture was considered to be the main factor in identifying the complexes of Muslims due to its comprehensiveness, importance, severalty and high status in the past times, But today it has lost its inviting role because of structural changes. In contemporary times, as well as the changes in the structure of the city, due to the changing needs and functions of the mosques, as well as the distinction with dimensions and their location in the urban structure and economic constraints, the goals and characteristics of the mosques were also forgotten; So that today all the social groups have reacted from citizens and worshipers to architects and urban designers.
Paying attention to the Invitation role of the mosques forms the central idea of the present paper. It is one of the pillars of urban design and planning in contemporary city centers and neighborhoods. All aspects of the invitation in the body, function and meaning are important in this research. The present paper addresses this question: How can we use the physical, functional and semantic components of the mosques to enhance the quality of the invitation on the urban and local scale, the entrance view, as well as the interior space of the building. This paper is looking for the optimal design process. In this regard, using the content analysis methodology, we are going to refresh the actions and theories in the field of related topics. We are presented a desirable process to promote the quality of the invitation of contemporary mosques by achieving a conceptual and applied framework. We elaborate the subject by selecting 8 examples of contemporary Tehran mosques. We analyses the elements affecting the general form of the building, the external walls, the design and the entrance and the interior space of the mosques by referring to library resources and field observations. The results of the analysis show that an ideal set of physical factors to semantic components affects mosque admission that has a significant effect on the enhancement of the presence of the individual and the community. These results categorizes and describes in terms of criteria of visibility and centrality in urban scale, admission and guidance in middle-level scale, meaningfulness and visual memory in the outer walls and the entrance perspective, convergence and spatial regulation in the interior space of the mosques.

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The modern architect places a lot of weight on his status as an artist and heavily relies on changes like unique and self-aware language. Different intellectual foundations are effective in the production of form in architectural studies, which can be categorized in many areas, including conscious and unconscious. The researcher is attempting to determine how much the conscious mind and how much the unconscious contributed to the production of form during the contemporary era and the Safavid era, respectively. Two historical-comparative and documentary guidelines served as the foundation for this research, which was carried out using a qualitative approach. The study environment consists of documents that discuss the conceptual foundations of both the Safavid and contemporary eras. Based on the votes provided during both eras, it is important to consider the relationship between form production and creativity. As a result, a comparison was done using this index and the variables that affect it. Intellectual and artistic creativity has an unconscious nature, while scientific and logical creativity has a conscious nature. The comparative findings demonstrated that in Safavid architecture, the artist himself is transformed and finds new creativity throughout the creation of his works of art. To guide the soul in its substantial motion and to build a suitable platform for the realization of its transcendental powers, or, in other words, to lay the foundation for the immateriality of the soul, is the responsibility of the artist in the reciprocal relationship with his created product. The science of rational man is a sensual science. The Safavid era had rich and powerful intellectual roots in the unconscious process, which had an impact on the production of forms in architecture. Sacred art, in contrast to modern art, places meaning before style. Author architects discuss the phenomenon as a whole, as well as the contradictions between context and flexibility. From their perspective, however, the audience of the work is what matters since they bring the text to life, not the architect who merely recreates reality. They discuss intuition, existential experiences, and the unity of human nature. However, there is no information available regarding the nature of this encounter, the identification of the existential reality, or the advancement of it in the direction of a singular nature. Given the volume of information available to him, the architect must prioritize what can be resolved in his mind. Additionally, Eisenman believes that this individual expression occasionally promotes isolationist inventiveness without consideration for a unified order. Based on these foundations and their analysis, it is possible to conclude that it is urgently necessary to use the unconscious process in the creation of form in order to enhance the quality of the design and make it appropriate for the environment. This can be accomplished without placing the shape in its actual context by taking into consideration the inconsistencies since the architect's capacity to fully and completely comprehend the values and concepts in the universe and connect to the subconscious is constrained. Contextual construction compatibility is the result.

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