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Prioritization and Exploration of the Principles and Values of Islamic Era Iranian Architecture based on Manifestation of Meaning in Contextual Elements of Architecture (by Seeking Assistance from ĀYA 23 of the Honorable Surah Hashr)
Jamal-E-Din Mahdinejad, Hamidreza Azemati, Ali Sadeghi Habibabad,
Volume 7, Issue 2 (9-2019)
Abstract
When architecture is discussed in the land of Iran, architecture is created as a container and context of life for human beings where the Spirit of God is blown in his (her) (Surah Al-Hijr - Verse 29), his existence is not limited to material needs, but he is a creature with different existential levels. It derives from the material needs such as eating and sleeping, and need for shelter, which arise from the material levels of human existence to the psychological needs that embrace a range of needs from security to belonging and levels of spirituality of human existence with its characteristics and needs in which the essence and basic instinct of humans lies. Iran is a country with long-standing architectural value. Experts have long a consensus on the preservation, restoration and rehabilitation of Iran’s past values to preserve cultural values representing the national identity. Identification of the past noble values and adopting the most important one in observing criteria in accordance with the circumstances of time and place of today's society is considered the main problem. In this regard, we should try to recognize the Iranian - Islamic architectural values and reflect them to young professionals who are somehow involved in this issue. Today, it is tried to convey ideas and thoughts to others in the form of desired concepts and ideas using the meaning language which is indirect.
In the meantime, valuable Iranian Islamic architecture, due to its comprehensive functionality as well as permanent and enduring presence in our culture, is considered more than before. Because maintaining Iranian – Islamic values and identity is one of the requirements, modern designers are obliged to think deeply about traditional architectural values and standards to get rid of the imitation and create a design in accordance with modern human expectations based on Islamic law. In this regard, architecture, due to direct contact with human life, plays an important role in strengthening or weakening culture and identity in the face of globalization, for all the people are associated with the architecture and their behaviors are shaped in these buildings. The importance and necessity of this issue, in challenging designers to think about the different aspects of the past architecture and special attention to the ancient fundamental values, is to enrich the design quality. The study has a qualitative and quantitative research method, because it used desk and field study to gather information. Its qualitative nature was created with research studies and literature review and its quantitative nature was shaped by choosing statistical population and preparing a questionnaire for the analysis. 
The identification of the past architectural values and selecting the most essential of them are considered as the main issue in the observance of the scales matching with the temporal and spatial conditions of the today’s society. Efforts have to be constantly made for recognizing the Iranian-Islamic architectural values and reflecting them to the young experts who are somehow involved in this issue. The present piece of writing has been compiled based on a qualitative and quantitative method and the study has been conducted based on a survey method; the study is fundamental in terms of objectives. It is posited based on the selection of a process of the qualitative-descriptive type and its investigation based on a quantitative method that “there is observed a significant relationship between meaning and contextual elements of architecture”. It might have been quite common in the past architecture, especially in the Islamic Era’s architecture, that the manifestations and embodiments of the concepts stemming from the society’s culture were manifested most beautifully in the architectural works hence more readily identifiable. Moreover, the principles that are dealt with in the resources are different in terms of prioritization and valuation; thus, experts’ notions have been used in this area to quantitatively discover these topics using survey methods. At first, in order to achieve sublimity in architecture through seeking assistance from the honorable Surah Hashr, ĀYA 23, and comparing it with the valuable architectural principles, it has been descriptively investigated and extracted and 15 professors were subsequently asked to confirm this information. Next, a questionnaire was codified and, in order to select a study sample volume comprised of the experts, including the professors and students of post-graduate education in state and national universities of the country, five universities were selected that included 120 individuals in total and, excluding the imperfect questionnaires, 100 questionnaires were finally attained. The data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 21, using statistical tests (one-sample t-test, two-sample test, ANOVA test and Friedman test); the results have been offered in two descriptive and inferential methods. The results indicate that there is a significant relationship between the indicators of the concepts and the contextual elements in architectures. Furthermore, factors like semantic, climatic, structural and eventually technological indicators were respectively found with the highest degree of importance.
The study of the status of fundamental aesthetics values in creating Iranian-Islamic architecture and urbanism
Mozaffar Abbaszade, Asghar Mohammadmoradi, Vahid Esmailzade, Elnaz Soltanahmadi,
Volume 10, Issue 1 (3-2022)
Abstract
Beauty is related to experiencing beauty events, which has different beauty experiences among people due to different circumstances, however, understanding beauty is incredibly difficult. On one hand, the public agree that beauty is considered a value as far as its particular manifestations are pleasing, on the other hand, as it is worth studying, it is considered an educational issue. Moreover, as it is a living object of social development, it is also regarded as a cultural topic. An artistic work, whether a result of one's work or a product of the artistic innovation of a group, appears due to inspirations or advices of a society and necessarily resembles the color of society. Undoubtedly, features of artist's life and even his/her physical features are reflected in his/her artwork, but reflection is not direct, and indeed it can be recognized and measured after passing through filtering of society. The beauty of urban environment as a living space, experienced by a wide range of people every day, is one of transcendental needs of human and functions as a stimulus for his flourishing. Therefore, in forming and designing the environment, category of art and its relation to aesthetics is of high significance and becomes a valuable and purposeful phenomenon in the society. Although aesthetic values differ between various cultures and communities, if these values are in conflict with cultural issues of society, they will create rational, accepted, and emotional norms of society. In addition, considering undeniable relation of any designing and shaping human life environment, like designing environment with art and also the relation of this reformulations with spiritual concepts of beauty, the concept of "aesthetics" which is in fact basis of philosophical and theoretical designs, becomes of great importance. On the other hand, urban buildings and spaces as an identifier of Iranian cities, have been shaped under the influence of Iranian-Islamic artistic and thought patterns over many years and have provided opportunity for public cooperation and interactions and in present era, with evolution of architecture and urbanism, process of designing and creating urban spaces has declined and a defective role of national identity and Iranian-Islamic culture is manifested, which indeed, ignoring these issues in designing has led to lack of originality and validity of the design. Therefore, this study attempts to consider the mentioned importance and answer vital questions of " what is the theoretical position of fundamental aesthetic values in two views of the West and Iranian-Islamic world?! What is practical application of an overview of the fundamental aesthetic values in Islamic-Iranian architecture and urbanism?", Thus, the current paper investigates theoretical concept of fundamental aesthetics values, to identify Iranian-Islamic fundamental aesthetics values and explain functional status of fundamental aesthetic values in creating Islamic-Iranian architecture and urbanism as well. As this paper attempts to deepen fundamental aesthetic values in creating Islamic-Iranian architecture and urbanism, it is considered basic research. Since urbanization is an interdisciplinary field, subject of aesthetics can be examined in the humanities and school sciences (theoretical and practical wisdom) and in science (physical dimensions).
This research is developmental and functional in terms of purpose and approach (characteristics and nature of data) and qualitative nature and methods; it is a description of type of content analysis and in the section of theoretical framework is interrogative. The information is collected by generalizing to field of Iranian-Islamic architecture and urban planning with method of deductive reasoning seeks to explain basic values of aesthetics and provide a new classification appropriate to principles of creating Iranian-Islamic architecture and urban planning. The collection of data and qualitative information in this research is also using written scientific documentary sources and libraries in order to explain conceptual model of research.
In a general conclusion, it can be said that today in Iran, beauty is either imitated by Western models or there are many shortcomings in applying the principles of Iranian-Islamic aesthetics.
This is due to the lack of a true understanding of fundamental values of Islamic Iranian aesthetics.
Therefore, a suitable framework should be created for architects and urban planners, who can extract desired criteria by considering basic values of aesthetics. For this purpose, studies have been done in previous studies and theoretical basis to assess direct relationship of aesthetics factors. These factors show relationship between fundamental values of Iranian-Islamic aesthetics and types, criteria and sub-criteria of aesthetics. Therefore, findings of research on fundamental values of aesthetics in Islam include four main categories:
1. Reasonable aesthetics 2. Sensible 3. Reasonable based on sensible, and 4. Sensible based on reasonable. Furthermore, in order to evolve the fundamental values of aesthetics, types of aesthetics are needed, these include: 1. Logical values, 2. Meaning and codification values, 3. Aspirations and logical ideas respectively and 4. Emotional and moral contexts values. These values which are directly related to fundamental values of Iranian-Islamic aesthetics and Iranian-Islamic aesthetic criteria, are related to practical application of an overview of fundamental values of aesthetics in Iranian-Islamic architecture and urban planning. Since aesthetic criteria are basis for assessment, to identify and select t fundamental values of aesthetics, these criteria include; Harmony (purposefulness, proportionality, balance, order, symmetry, correspondence), meaningfulness and perception (spiritual influence, equation, contrast, free will, disinterestedness), absolute self-existence of God (hierarchy, unity, ideal of embodiment, concentration, harmony, peace, vicinity, sophistication), emotional pleasure (relationships between shapes and forms and colors, pure manifestation of emotions and feelings) and stability and identity (piety, inclusion, freedom, connection with past and future, emergence of nature) and are directly related to types of aesthetic values. Thus, architecture and urban projects can offer new patterns in terms of Iranian-Islamic culture and employ creativity of designers. This was done by creating a logical relationship between aesthetic values and application of values in theoretical field of architecture and urban project.
Determining Factors Affecting the Evaluation of the Rise of Qur’anic Human Values in the Housing Architecture Using Expert Views (Case Study: Comparative Examination of Tehran’s Apartment Housing and Housing in the late Traditional Era in Tehran)
Mirza Ali Sheidaneh Morid, Mehdi Sharifi, Seyed Mahmoud Mmoeini,
Volume 11, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract
The changing patterns of identity developments in housing architecture in the wake of the modern 20th-century architecture resulted in the creation of new types of residences in the world, especially in Iran. Previous research presumptively considered the traditional era housing as conforming to religious values, while contemporary housing (especially apartment types) was regarded to contradict those values. This study aims to find some accurate criteria based on Islamic principles to determine the accuracy of these hypotheses. Thus, the main question is: “Which Qur’anic values about the housing architecture can be elicited? The research goal is to explain the human values from the Qur’an in line with contemporary housing architecture. The research method includes a review of the literature and library sources, uses of the Qur’an and valuable Islamic sources, a field survey of the samples, and qualitative content analysis of the field interviews via the Delphi method. It also uses a semi-structured and deep interview style with academic and seminary experts of Tehran. In the end, the study 1) explained and determined the Qur’an based human values consistent with the contemporary housing architecture of Tehran on a five-point Likert scoring scale that included the following (the rates are on average): peace and comfort (4.9), intimacy (4.8), servitude (4.7), human dignity (4.7), privacy (4.6), safety, strength and firmness (4.6), humiliation (4.5), bio-sustainability factors (4.5), solitude (4.5), creativity (4.4), recitation of God’s names (4.2), dynamism and activity (4.1), proportions (4.1), satisfaction (4), self-confidence (4), order (4), applied decorations (3.9), social relations (3.9), the environment (3.8), house area (3.7); 2) determined the effects of 33 Qur’anic human values on Tehran’s traditional housing architecture to be 85%, and on contemporary Tehran’s apartment housing to be 15%, and 3) investigated through the expert consensus the application and manifestation of the privacy as one of the Qur’anic human values of this research in the traditional and contemporary housing architectures, with the results given in Table 4. In another analysis, the findings of this research were compared to those of the previous studies, and the case study of this study was compared during the reign of the Qajar and contemporary era apartments. These Qur’anic human values are presently diminishing or non-existing in contemporary Tehran’s apartment housing. This research can be applied for planning by the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development, Ministry of the Interior, and Municipalities, as well as the Revolutionary Housing Foundation and the National Engineering Organization, and serve as a model for Islamic housing in cities andvillages.

Identifying the Values of Architectural and Urbanism Heritage in Urban Development Plans (Case Study: Northwest Region of Iran)
Dr Mozaffar Abbaszadeh, Mr Reza Karimi,
Volume 12, Issue 3 (10-2024)
Abstract
Urban historical textures are symbols of originality and identity in our city, and have high values. These structures, as architectural and urban heritage, have been inherited from our predecessors for us as a memory. Our responsibility towards this precious heritage is to understand its underlying values, and to preserve and promote it. But as it should be, the values ​​of these textures do not have a proper place in the study process of urban development plans. With the arrival of modernism in Iran and the imposition of a new spatial arrangement resulting from it on the historical contexts of old cities, responding to the social and cultural needs of the residents has been forgotten. The multiplicity of procedures and their sectional nature and the impact of relevant policies from sectional decisions without philosophical and theoretical support is the bottleneck that developing countries are currently facing. Therefore; urban heritage cannot be imagined as a isolated phenomenon, an enclosed area that is protected from the external forces of change due to plans and regulations. The work process was such that first the values ​​of architectural heritage and urban planning were introduced and a category that could be extracted from it was presented, and then a comparative study of the realization of these values ​​was carried out in the description of study services of comprehensive and detailed plans, description of special and non-homogeneous services, and in the next step with the application of pathology, the reasons for its non-fulfillment have been studied in these plans. In this regard, in order to carefully examine the issue of the development plans of several cities in the northwestern region of the country, it has been studied. The results of the research show that urban development plans, as the most important urban planning documents in the field of paying attention to the values ​​of architectural heritage and urban development and its application in order to protect this heritage, have performed poorly and the right place has not been considered for it. In this regard, the special plans for the protection and revival of the historical area have been successful in paying attention to the many values ​​of the historical contexts and have covered many existing gaps, but they still have disadvantages. In the following, based on the results, solutions are proposed with the aim of eliminating this shortcoming and the appropriate calculation and application of values ​​in urban development plans, so that the study, review and presentation of a suitable plan in an integrated manner for the whole city in terms of the differences and unique characteristics of each part of the city can be a lot to resolve urban heritage issues.
Urban historical textures are symbols of originality and identity in our city, and have high values. These structures, as architectural and urban heritage, have been inherited from our predecessors for us as a memory. Our responsibility towards this precious heritage is to understand its underlying values, and to preserve and promote it. But as it should be, the values ​​of these textures do not have a proper place in the study process of urban development plans. With the arrival of modernism in Iran and the imposition of a new spatial arrangement resulting from it on the historical contexts of old cities, responding to the social and cultural needs of the residents has been forgotten. The multiplicity of procedures and their sectional nature and the impact of relevant policies from sectional decisions without philosophical and theoretical support is the bottleneck that developing countries are currently facing. Therefore; urban heritage cannot be imagined as a isolated phenomenon, an enclosed area that is protected from the external forces of change due to plans and regulations. The work process was such that first the values ​​of architectural heritage and urban planning were introduced and a category that could be extracted from it was presented, and then a comparative study of the realization of these values ​​was carried out in the description of study services of comprehensive and detailed plans, description of special and non-homogeneous services, and in the next step with the application of pathology, the reasons for its non-fulfillment have been studied in these plans. In this regard, in order to carefully examine the issue of the development plans of several cities in the northwestern region of the country, it has been studied. The results of the research show that urban development plans, as the most important urban planning documents in the field of paying attention to the values ​​of architectural heritage and urban development and its application in order to protect this heritage, have performed poorly and the right place has not been considered for it. In this regard, the special plans for the protection and revival of the historical area have been successful in paying attention to the many values ​​of the historical contexts and have covered many existing gaps, but they still have disadvantages. In the following, based on the results, solutions are proposed with the aim of eliminating this shortcoming and the appropriate calculation and application of values ​​in urban development plans, so that the study, review and presentation of a suitable plan in an integrated manner for the whole city in terms of the differences and unique characteristics of each part of the city can be a lot to resolve urban heritage issues.

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