Volume 12, Issue 4 (12-2024)
JRIA 2024, 12(4): 0-0 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Eslami S, Arami H. Analysis of the Causes of Problems Related to High Population Density in Urban Planning. JRIA 2024; 12 (4)
URL: http://jria.iust.ac.ir/article-1-1773-en.html
URL: http://jria.iust.ac.ir/article-1-1773-en.html
Abstract: (881 Views)
Today, the high population density load in various areas across Iran, combined with capitalist approaches and interests in the housing sector and the disregard for the population thresholds and critical limits of different cities, has led to the inadequacy of economic, functional, cultural, and environmental infrastructures. Consequently, this situation has paved the way for the emergence and intensification of numerous visible and hidden consequences. Therefore, monitoring the positive and negative impacts of various types and levels of density in discussions related to land use, especially in emerging urban developments, requires the attention of urban specialists. Moreover, contextualizing the concept of different types of density—whether population density or building density—in alignment with the civilization, culture, and specific worldview of the Islamic-Iranian lifestyle as an ideal vision is essential.
It is worth mentioning that, so far, various internal studies from different urban planning disciplines have critically examined the root causes of inefficiencies and the challenges associated with high-density development. However, these studies have not adopted a holistic approach to this issue. This underscores the necessity and importance of the present research in managing and optimally utilizing the capacities in policies related to density allocation across the country. Considering the problem and the need to address it, this study aims to answer this question: What are the harms of applying high-density development in the various aspects of the urban planning system? To answer this question, after reviewing the theoretical literature on this subject, the issue of undesirable high urban population density is analyzed using the fishbone technique, categorizing the primary and secondary influencing factors based on content analysis of a set of domestic and international studies. Finally, policy recommendations are provided to manage this issue.
This study is applied research in terms of the use of its results, and it is analytical. It employs a qualitative paradigm and the strategy of inductive qualitative content analysis on related Persian and English studies concerning the literature on the subject. In this study, after multiple screenings, the text of selected Persian and English studies was considered the main qualitative data for entry into the analysis, and content analysis was subsequently conducted. Therefore, following the exploratory and descriptive examination of the data, relevant propositions were extracted, initial data were recorded, and then, through an in-depth analysis, the predominant themes were identified, analyzed, synthesized, and integrated. Finally, the core data aligned with the main research question and objective were obtained by organizing and structuring these themes based on their conceptual weight and thematic grouping. The related causes were categorized into primary and secondary factors within the fishbone diagram, derived from the emergent concepts and formative categories from the data. The strategy for identifying studies in this research was based on searches within the Web of Science and Google Scholar citation databases, as well as the domestic citation databases Noormags and Magiran and the Humanities Science Database. Additionally, a snowball search method was employed on the references of retrieved articles and books to complete the research's statistical population.
The results of this study confirm that high-density development in the statistical population of this research has led to numerous issues in human settlements. These issues can be categorized into 27 main factors and 111 sub-factors across various dimensions: economic-functional, spatial-physical, socio-cultural, political-institutional, perceptual-psychological, visual, and environmental, affirming the problematic nature of this concept. The "socio-cultural" dimension accounts for the highest frequency of both primary and sub-factors in this study, highlighting its greater significance and weight compared to other challenges associated with this issue. The six main factors identified in this dimension include "crises in concepts related to privacy, personal space, territory, and overcrowding; increased crime rates and reduced social security; weakening of social bonds among residents; intensification and deepening of social conflicts and differences; clashes of interests among cultures and subcultures; and the emergence of behavioral disorders in adults and behavioral problems in children," along with 29 sub-factors stemming from the analysis in this area. Additionally, the perceptual-psychological dimension has 21 sub-factors; the economic-functional dimension has 18 sub-factors; the environmental dimension has 15 sub-factors; the spatial-physical dimension has 11 sub-factors; the visual dimension has ten sub-factors, and the political-institutional dimension has seven sub-factors. Among these, the sub-factor "promoting antisocial behaviors among residents and weakening mental health leading to psychological disorders" has received the most frequent citations in critical studies by urban experts.
Given the extensive network of primary and sub-factors concerning the problem of high-density development in the studies of domestic and international researchers, there is an emphasized need to establish a localized framework for density development to prevent the ongoing contradictory trends and to protect the tangible and intangible values of the Islamic-Iranian lifestyle in the country. To this end, identifying and extracting context-sensitive approaches for population and building density development in various climatic and cultural regions of the country to redefine density in alignment with Iranian cities should be considered in future research. Addressing this challenge in Iranian cities requires the attention and participation of macro-level management and executive bodies, alongside urban planners and specialists, based on the interaction of environmental capacity layers in different zones.
It is worth mentioning that, so far, various internal studies from different urban planning disciplines have critically examined the root causes of inefficiencies and the challenges associated with high-density development. However, these studies have not adopted a holistic approach to this issue. This underscores the necessity and importance of the present research in managing and optimally utilizing the capacities in policies related to density allocation across the country. Considering the problem and the need to address it, this study aims to answer this question: What are the harms of applying high-density development in the various aspects of the urban planning system? To answer this question, after reviewing the theoretical literature on this subject, the issue of undesirable high urban population density is analyzed using the fishbone technique, categorizing the primary and secondary influencing factors based on content analysis of a set of domestic and international studies. Finally, policy recommendations are provided to manage this issue.
This study is applied research in terms of the use of its results, and it is analytical. It employs a qualitative paradigm and the strategy of inductive qualitative content analysis on related Persian and English studies concerning the literature on the subject. In this study, after multiple screenings, the text of selected Persian and English studies was considered the main qualitative data for entry into the analysis, and content analysis was subsequently conducted. Therefore, following the exploratory and descriptive examination of the data, relevant propositions were extracted, initial data were recorded, and then, through an in-depth analysis, the predominant themes were identified, analyzed, synthesized, and integrated. Finally, the core data aligned with the main research question and objective were obtained by organizing and structuring these themes based on their conceptual weight and thematic grouping. The related causes were categorized into primary and secondary factors within the fishbone diagram, derived from the emergent concepts and formative categories from the data. The strategy for identifying studies in this research was based on searches within the Web of Science and Google Scholar citation databases, as well as the domestic citation databases Noormags and Magiran and the Humanities Science Database. Additionally, a snowball search method was employed on the references of retrieved articles and books to complete the research's statistical population.
The results of this study confirm that high-density development in the statistical population of this research has led to numerous issues in human settlements. These issues can be categorized into 27 main factors and 111 sub-factors across various dimensions: economic-functional, spatial-physical, socio-cultural, political-institutional, perceptual-psychological, visual, and environmental, affirming the problematic nature of this concept. The "socio-cultural" dimension accounts for the highest frequency of both primary and sub-factors in this study, highlighting its greater significance and weight compared to other challenges associated with this issue. The six main factors identified in this dimension include "crises in concepts related to privacy, personal space, territory, and overcrowding; increased crime rates and reduced social security; weakening of social bonds among residents; intensification and deepening of social conflicts and differences; clashes of interests among cultures and subcultures; and the emergence of behavioral disorders in adults and behavioral problems in children," along with 29 sub-factors stemming from the analysis in this area. Additionally, the perceptual-psychological dimension has 21 sub-factors; the economic-functional dimension has 18 sub-factors; the environmental dimension has 15 sub-factors; the spatial-physical dimension has 11 sub-factors; the visual dimension has ten sub-factors, and the political-institutional dimension has seven sub-factors. Among these, the sub-factor "promoting antisocial behaviors among residents and weakening mental health leading to psychological disorders" has received the most frequent citations in critical studies by urban experts.
Given the extensive network of primary and sub-factors concerning the problem of high-density development in the studies of domestic and international researchers, there is an emphasized need to establish a localized framework for density development to prevent the ongoing contradictory trends and to protect the tangible and intangible values of the Islamic-Iranian lifestyle in the country. To this end, identifying and extracting context-sensitive approaches for population and building density development in various climatic and cultural regions of the country to redefine density in alignment with Iranian cities should be considered in future research. Addressing this challenge in Iranian cities requires the attention and participation of macro-level management and executive bodies, alongside urban planners and specialists, based on the interaction of environmental capacity layers in different zones.
Keywords: Density, Population Density, Fishbone Technique, Vertical and Horizontal Urban Development
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Subject- oriented researches in Islamic architecture and urbanism, eg. Spatial-geometrical ideas, symbols and ornaments
Received: 2024/09/1 | Accepted: 2024/10/14 | Published: 2024/12/28
Received: 2024/09/1 | Accepted: 2024/10/14 | Published: 2024/12/28
References
1. آقارحیمی، ایوب. 1403. واکاوی روش تحلیل محتوا (تکنیکها و روشهای عملی بکارگیری). شیراز: تخت جمشید.
2. اسلامی، سیدغلامرضا، و ایروانی، هوتن. 1387. «تراکم ساختمانی و توسعه درونزا (نمونه موردی: شهر اصفهان).» هویت شهر، 2(3): 3-12.
3. اوستروفسکی، واتسلاف. 1390. شهرسازی معاصر از نخستین سرچشمه ها تا منشور آتن. ترجمه لادن اعتضادی. تهران: انتشارات مراکز دانشگاهی.
4. باقری، پژمان؛ حقدوست، علیاکبر؛ درتاج، اسحاق. 1392. «کیفیت زندگی ساکنان بالای 15 سال آپارتماننشین، در مقایسه با ساکنان بالای 15 سال غیر آپارتماننشین شهر شیراز در سال 90-91.» اپیدمیولوژی ایران، 9(3).
5. بحرینی، سید حسین. 1390. تجدد، فراتجدد و پس از آن در شهرسازی. تهران: انتشارات دانشگاه تهران.
6. بمانیان، محمدرضا. 1390. ساختمان بلند و شهر (تحلیل تاثیرات فرهنگی و اجتماعی ساختمانهای بلند بر شهرهای بزرگ). تهران: موسسه نشر شهر.
7. توسلی، محمود. 1376. اصول و روشهای طراحی شهری و فضاهای مسکونی در ایران (جلد 1). تهران: مرکز مطالعات و تحقیقات شهرسازی و معماری ایران.
8. حیدرزاده، احسان و بهزادفر، مصطفی. 1398. «تأثیر تراکم جمعیتی بر شاخصهای کیفیت زندگی شهری نمونهی مطالعه: منطقهی 3 کلانشهر تهران.» پژوهش و برنامهریزی شهری، 10(37 ): 1-12.
9. رزاقی اصل، سینا، مهدوی نیا، مجتبی، فیضی، محسن و دانشپور، عبدالهادی. 1388. «طراحی شهری عمودی، مفاهیم و الزامات تحقق آن در کلانشهر تهران.» باغ نظر، 7 (13): 3-16.
10. رضازاده راضیه، محمودی فرزین، افتخاری عبدالرضا رکنالدین و رفیعیان، مجتبی. 1389. «استفاده از مفهوم تراکم ادراکی در برقراری مطلوبیت محیطی مورد مطالعه: محله اسپه کلا شهر آمل.» برنامهریزی و آمایش فضا. ۱۴ (۳):۲۰۳-۲۲۸.
11. رئیسی، محمدمنان. 1396. «تحلیلی فقهی بر نامطلوب بودن توسعه عمودی بناهای مسکونی در شهر اسلامی.» مطالعات شهری، 6(24): 3-16.
12. سرخیلی، الناز، رفیعیان، مجتبی و بمانیان، محمدرضا. 1390. «بررسی رابطه بین تخلف ساختمانی تغییر کاربری و ساختار فضایی شهر تهران با استفاده از تحلیل رگرسیون فضایی.» نامه معماری و شهرسازی6 (12): 23-41.
13. سعیدی قهه، عاطفه، شاهدی، بهرام، خیرآبادی، غلامرضا و طراحی، محمدجواد. 1400. «رابطه بین ابعاد فضای مسکونی و افسردگی ساکنین.» تحقیقات علوم رفتاری، 19 (3): 499-507.
14. سیفیان، محمد کاظم. 1377. «قاعده لا ضرر و رعایت آن در اصول معماری و شهرسازی اسلامی.» هنرهای زیبا، 3(73-76).
15. شعله، مهسا. 1387. «تبیین مفهوم تراکم به عنوان ابزار شهرسازی در طرح های مسکن.» مدیریت شهری. 21: 35-44.
16. شوای، فرانسوا. 1392. شهرسازی، تخیلات و واقعیات. ترجمه سید محسن حبیبی. تهران: انتشارات دانشگاه تهران.
17. صفارینیا، مجید. 1390. «تأثیر محیطهای مسکونی مختلف (خانههای ویلایی یا انواع آپارتمان) بر سلامت روان، شادکامی و بهزیستی دختران نوجوان.» پژوهشهای روانشناسی اجتماعی، 1 (1): 60-73.
18. عزیزی، محمد مهدی. 1388. تراکم در شهرسازی: اصول و معیارهای تعیین تراکم شهری. تهران: انتشارات دانشگاه تهران.
19. عزیزی، محمدمهدی و معینی، سیده مرجانه. 1390. «تحلیل رابطه بین کیفیت محیطی و تراکم ساختمانی (مطالعه موردی شهرک گلسار- رشت).» معماری و شهرسازی هنرهای زیبا، (45): 5-16.
20. عزیزی، محمود و آراسته، مجتبی. 1390. «تبیین پراکنده رویی شهری بر اساس شاخص تراکم ساختمانی.» هویت شهر. 5 (8): 5-15.
21. قائدرحمتی، صفر، باستانیفر، ایمان و سلطانی، لیلا. 1390. «بررسی تأثیرات تراکم بر آسیب پذیری ناشی از زلزله در شهر اصفهان (با رویکرد فازی).» جغرافیا و برنامهریزی محیطی. (1) 22: 107-122.
22. کرمی، رمضان و رستمی، مسلم. 1398. «بررسی تأثیرات تراکم شهری بر سیستم حمل و نقل درونشهری (مطالعه موردی: بافت مرکزی شهر ایلام).» آمایش محیط. 12(47 ): 163-182.
23. کریمی مشاور، مهرداد، سجاد زاده، حسن و تروشه، حسین. 1398. «رابطه ارتفاع ساختمانهای بلند با سلامت روان شهروندان، مطالعه موردی: مجتمع سعیدیه همدان.» مطالعات شهری. 9 (33): 51-62.
24. کریمی، اسداله، دلاور، محمودرضا و محمدی، محمود. 1388. «مدل تعیین تراکم مطلوب شهری با استفاده از سیستمهای اطلاعات زمینی (LIS) (مطالعه موردی اصفهان - خمینی شهر).» هنرهای زیبا. (37): 17-26.
25. کیانی، اکبر، سالاری سردری، فرضعلی، بیرانوندزاده، مریم و بستانی، علیرضا. 1391. «تحلیلی بر ساختار فضایی و توسعه افقی شهرهای منطقه سیستان.» پژوهش و برنامهریزی شهری. 3(8): 77-92.
26. مرکز پژوهشهای مجلس شورای اسلامی. 1393. «تعیین تراکم ساختمانی و تراکم فروشی.»
27. مرکز تحقیقات مجلس اسلامی شورای اسلامی. گروه تولیدی و زیربنایی. 1401. «پیامدهای منفی مرتفع سازی و آپارتمان نشینی خانوادهها. بخش اول: مروری بر تحقیقات انجام گرفته در حوزه سلامت روان.»
28. مرکز تحقیقات مجلس اسلامی شورای اسلامی. گروه تولیدی و زیربنایی. 1402. «تحلیل علل مسئله مندیِ بارگذاری تراکم جمعیتی بالا در شهرسازی.»
29. مرکز آمار ایران. 1395. «سرشماری عموم نفوس و مسکن.»
30. مرکز پژوهشهای مجلس شورای اسلامی. 1402. «قانون درآمد پایدار و هزینه شهرداریها و دهیاری.»
31. منصوری. 1395. نقد و بررسی طرح جامع تهران 1386. تهران: پژوهشکده هنر معماری و شهرسازی نظر.
32. مهجوریان. 1395. «بررسی عوامل اجتماعی تاثیرگذار بر روابط اجتماعی خانوارهای شهری در محلات شهر فولادشهر.» چهارمین کنفرانس بینالمللی پژوهش در علوم و تکنولوژی.
33. میرزا، مژگان، ترکمانی، حسین، قبادی، سپیده و پارسافر، میترا. 1394. «مقایسه میزان افسردگی در نوع معماری ساختمان.» استانبول: دومین کنفرانس بین المللی پژوهش در علوم و تکنولوژی.
34. نعمتالهی بناب، سیمین دخت. 1395. «بررسی و تحلیل فروش مازاد تراکم ساختمانی نمونه موردی: کوی ولیعصر شهر تبریز.» پژوهش و برنامهریزی شهری. 7(24): 23-42.
35. قربانیزاده، وجه الله. 1397. روش تحقیق فراتحلیل. تهران: انتشارات بازتاب.
36. هدمن، ریچارد و یازوسکی، آندرو، 1392. مبانی طراحی شهری. ترجمه راضیه رضازاده و مصطفی عباس زادگان. تهران: انتشارات دانشگاه علم و صنعت.
37. هندی، هوشنگ، اقبالی، ناصر، سرور، رحیم و پیشگاهی فرد، زهرا. 1395. «بررسی اثر تراکم بر تابآوری مناطق شهری (نمونه موردی محلات ناحیه یک منطقه چهارده شهر تهران) » نگرشهای نو در جغرافیای انسانی (جعرافیای انسانی)، 8(3 ): 39-53.
38. Abarca-Alvarez, F. J., Campos-Sánchez, F. S., & Osuna-Pérez, F. 2019. Urban shape and built density metrics through the analysis of European urban fabrics using artificial intelligence. Sustainability, 11(23): 1-23. [DOI:10.3390/su11236622]
39. Amick, D.J. and Kvtz, F.J. 1974. Density, building type and social integration in public housing projects. Man-Environ. 4: 187-90.
40. Appolloni, L., & D'alessandro, D. 2021. Housing spaces in nine European countries: A comparison of dimensional requirements. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(8): 1-23. [DOI:10.3390/ijerph18084278]
41. Bagley, C. 1974. The built environment as an influence on personality and social behavior: A spatial study. In D. Canter & T. Lee (Eds.), Psych ology and the built environment (pp. 156-162). London: Wiley.
42. Bertaud, A. 2004. The spatial organization of cities: Deliberate outcome or unforeseen consequence?. Institute of Urban and Regional Development, University of California at Berkeley.
43. Boughen, L. 2012. JoAnn Carmin and Julian Agyeman (eds): Environmental inequalities beyond borders: local perspectives on global injustices. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA. [DOI:10.1007/s10784-011-9164-8]
44. Breslaw, J. A. 1990. Density and urban sprawl: Comment. Land Economics, 66(4): 464-468. [DOI:10.2307/3146628]
45. Burdett, R., Travers, T., Czischke, D., Rode, P., & Moser, B. 2005. Density and urban neighbourhoods in London: summary report. Enterprise LSE Cities.
46. Calhoun, J. B. 1962. Population density and social pathology. Scientific American, 206(2): 139-149.
47. Conway J. Adams, B. The social effects of living off the ground, HABITAT INTL, 2 (5). [DOI:10.1016/0197-3975(77)90032-7]
48. Dasgupta, S.K., Bhattacharyya, S., & Asaduzzaman, M. 1992. The impact of tall buildings on elderly residents. Psychol, 13: 7-15.
49. Day, A. T., & Day, L. H. 1973. Cross-National Comparison of Population Density: Many uses of the concept of human population density generate more heat than light. Science, 181(4104): 1016-1023. [DOI:10.1126/science.181.4104.1016]
50. Dempsey, N., Brown, C., & Bramley, G. 2012. The key to sustainable urban development in UK cities? The influence of density on social sustainability. Progress in planning, 77(3): 89-141. [DOI:10.1016/j.progress.2012.01.001]
51. El-Dogdog, T. M., El-Assal, A. M., Abdel-Aziz, I. H., & El-Betar, A. A. 2016. Implementation of FMECA and Fishbone Techniques in Reliability Centered Maintenance Planning. Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 5(11): 18801-18811.
52. Evans, G. W., Wells, N. M. & Moch, A. 2003. Housing and mental health: a review of the evidence and a methodological and conceptual critique. social issues, 59(3): 475-500. [DOI:10.1111/1540-4560.00074]
53. Fanning, D. M. 1967. Families in flats. British Medical, 4(5576): 382-386. [DOI:10.1136/bmj.4.5576.382]
54. Forsyth, A. 2003. Measuring density: working definitions for residential density and building intensity. Design brief, 9(1): 2-8.
55. Galle, O. R., Gove, W. R., & McPherson, J. M. 1972. Population Density and Pathology: What Are the Relations for Man? Evidence from one city suggests that high population density may be linked to pathological behavior. Science, 176(4030): 23-30. [DOI:10.1126/science.176.4030.23]
56. Hannay, D. R. 1981. Mental health and high flats. Chronic Diseases, 34: 431-432. [DOI:10.1016/0021-9681(81)90001-1]
57. Hansen, A. J., Knight, R. L., Marzluff, J. M., Powell, S., Brown, K., Gude, P. H., & Jones, K. 2005. Effects of exurban development on biodiversity: patterns, mechanisms, and research needs. Ecological applications, 15(6): 1893-1905. [DOI:10.1890/05-5221]
58. Hawley, A. H. 1972. Population density and the city. Demography, 521-529. [DOI:10.2307/2060663]
59. Hong, A., & Chakrabarti, S. 2023. Compact living or policy inaction? Effects of urban density and lockdown on the COVID-19 outbreak in the US. Urban Studies, 60(9): 1588-1609. [DOI:10.1177/00420980221127401]
60. Hui, S. C. 2001. Low energy building design in high density urban cities. Renewable energy, 24(3-4): 627-640. [DOI:10.1016/S0960-1481(01)00049-0]
61. Husaini, B., Moore, S., & Castor, R. 1991. Social and psychological well-being of black elderly living in high-rises for the elderly. Gerontological Social Work, 16: 57-78. [DOI:10.1300/J083v16n03_06]
62. Ineichen, B., & Hooper, D. 1974. Wives' mental health and children's behavior problems in contrasting residential areas. Social Science and Medicine, 8: 369-374. [DOI:10.1016/0037-7856(74)90083-3]
63. Jacobs, J. 1961. The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Vintage Books.
64. Khan, A. M., Hossain, S. N., & Reza, F. 2017. Revisiting Density Concepts for City Planning and Its Implications for Dhaka City. Bangladesh Institute of Planners, 10: (1-13).
65. Larcombe, D. L., van Etten, E., Logan, A., Prescott, S. L., & Horwitz, P. 2019. High-Rise apartments and urban mental health-historical and contemporary views. Challenges, 10(2), 1-15. [DOI:10.3390/challe10020034]
66. Lee, G. K., & Chan, E. H. 2008. Factors affecting urban renewal in high-density city: Case study of Hong Kong. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 134(3): 140-148. [DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9488(2008)134:3(140)]
67. Lehmann, S. 2016. Sustainable urbanism: towards a framework for quality and optimal density?. Future cities and environment, 2: 1-13. [DOI:10.5334/s40984-016-0021-3]
68. Levi, L., Ekblad, S., Changhui, C., & Yueqin, H. 1991. Housing, family function, and health in Beijing. Perception and evaluation of urban environment quality. Rome: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Man and Biosphere Programme Italy.
69. Livert Aquino, F., & Gainza, X. 2014. Understanding density in an uneven city, Santiago de Chile: implications for social and environmental sustainability. Sustainability, 6(9): 5876-5897. [DOI:10.3390/su6095876]
70. Loo, C. M. 1972. The effects of spatial density on the social behavior of children 1. Journal of applied social psychology, 2(4): 372-381. [DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1972.tb01288.x]
71. Loredana, E. M. 2017. The analysis of causes and effects of a phenomenon by means of the "fishbone" diagram. Ann Econ Ser, 5: 97-103.
72. McLoughlin, B. 1991. Urban Consolidation and Urban Sprawl: A question of density. Urban Policy and Research, 9(3): 148-156. [DOI:10.1080/08111149108551499]
73. Mike, J., & Nicola, D. 2006. The language and meaning of density. In Future forms and design for sustainable cities, (pp. 287-309). Routledge.
74. Mitchell, R. E. 1971. Some social implications of high-density housing. American Sociological Review, 18-29. [DOI:10.2307/2093503]
75. Moore, N. C. 1975. Social aspects of flat dwelling. Public Health, 89: 109-115. [DOI:10.1016/S0033-3506(75)80060-6]
76. Moore, N. C. 1976. The personality and mental health of flat dwellers. Psychiatry, 128: 256-261. [DOI:10.1192/bjp.128.3.259]
77. Mouratidis, K. 2019. Compact city, urban sprawl, and subjective well-being. Cities, 92: 261-272. [DOI:10.1016/j.cities.2019.04.013]
78. Ng, E. 2012. Towards planning and practical understanding of the need for meteorological and climatic information in the design of high‐density cities: A case‐based study of Hong Kong. Climatology, 32(4): 582-598. [DOI:10.1002/joc.2292]
79. Ng, E., Chen, L., Wang, Y., & Yuan, C. 2012. A study on the cooling effects of greening in a high-density city: An experience from Hong Kong. Building and environment, 47: 256-271. [DOI:10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.07.014]
80. Oda, M., Taniguchi, K., Wen, M., & Higurashi, M. 1989. Effects of high-rise living on physical and mental development of children. Human Ergology, 18: 231-235.
81. Pafka, E. 2013. Nothing gained by only counting dwellings per hectare: A hundred years of confusing urban densities. In 2013 State of Australian Cities Conference.
82. Panczak, R., Galobardes, B., Spoerri, A., Zwahlen, M., & Egger, M. 2013. High life in the sky? Mortality by floor of residence in Switzerland. epidemiology, 28(6): 453-462. [DOI:10.1007/s10654-013-9809-8]
83. Peiser, R. B. 1989. Density and urban sprawl. Land economics, 65(3): 193-204. [DOI:10.2307/3146665]
84. Peiser, R. B. 1990. Density and urban sprawl: Reply. Land Economics, 66(4): 469-472. [DOI:10.2307/3146629]
85. Rapoport, A. 1975. Toward a redefinition of density. Environment and Behavior, 7(2): 133-158. [DOI:10.1177/001391657500700202]
86. Ren, C., Lau, K. L., Yiu, K. P., & Ng, E. 2013. The application of urban climatic mapping to the urban planning of high-density cities: The case of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Cities, 31: 1-16. [DOI:10.1016/j.cities.2012.12.005]
87. Richman, N. 1974. The effects of housing on pre-school children and their mothers. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 16: 53-58. [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1974.tb02711.x]
88. Saegert, S., Mackintosh, E., & West, S. 1975. Two studies of crowding in urban public spaces. Environment and Behavior, 7(2): 159. [DOI:10.1177/001391657500700203]
89. Schmitt, R. C. 1966. Density, health, and social disorganization. American Institute of Planners, 32(1): 38-40. [DOI:10.1080/01944366608978488]
90. Shaban, A., Kourtit, K., & Nijkamp, P. 2020. India's urban system: Sustainability and imbalanced growth of cities. Sustainability, 12(7): 1-20. [DOI:10.3390/su12072941]
91. Shen, H., Teng, F., & Song, J. 2018. Evaluation of spatial balance of China's regional development. Sustainability, 10(9): 1-16. [DOI:10.3390/su10093314]
92. Taleai, M., Sliuzas, R., & Flacke, J. 2014. An integrated framework to evaluate the equity of urban public facilities using spatial multi-criteria analysis. Cities, 40: 56-69. [DOI:10.1016/j.cities.2014.04.006]
93. Towers, G. 2002. The implications of housing density. Challenges and Opportunities in Housing: New Concepts, Policies and Initiatives, CIB WC, 69.
94. Tsou, K. W., Hung, Y. T., & Chang, Y. L. 2005. An accessibility-based integrated measure of relative spatial equity in urban public facilities. Cities, 22(6): 424-435. [DOI:10.1016/j.cities.2005.07.004]
95. United Nation 2023. World Population Policies.
96. van Kempen, E., & Musterd, S. 1991. High‐rise housing reconsidered: Some research and policy‐implications. Housing Studies, 6(2): 83-95. [DOI:10.1080/02673039108720699]
97. Verbrugge, L. M., & Taylor, R. B. 1980. Consequences of population density and size. Urban Affairs Quarterly, 16(2): 135-160. [DOI:10.1177/107808748001600202]
98. Winsborough, H. H. 1965. The social consequences of high population density. Law and Contemporary problems, 30(1): 120-126. [DOI:10.2307/1190689]
99. Yao, M., Yao, B., Cenci, J., Liao, C., & Zhang, J. 2023. Visualisation of High-Density City Research Evolution, Trends, and Outlook in the 21st Century. Land, 12(2), 1-27. [DOI:10.3390/land12020485]
100. Zaman, Q. M. M., Lau, S. S. Y., & So, H. M. 2000. High-Density Instant City: Pudong in Shanghai. The compact city: a sustainable urban form? Routledge.
101. Zhu, R., Lin, D., Wang, Y., Jendryke, M., Xin, R., Yang, J., ... & Meng, L. (2020). Social sensing of the imbalance of urban and regional development in China through the population migration network around spring festival. Sustainability, 12(8): 3457. [DOI:10.3390/su12083457]
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
Journal of Researches in Islamic Architecture is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
